SILVER FERN CHEMICAL
Material Safety Data Sheet
AROMATIC 100
SECTION 1: IDENTIFICATION
Product Name: Aromatic 100
CAS Number: 64742-95-6
Chemical Name: Solvent Naptha (Petroleum), Light Aromatic
Synonyms: Naptha Solvent; Aromatic Hydrocarbon Solvent
Company Business Contact
Silver Fern Chemical, Inc. Customer Service: 206-282-3376
2226 Queen Anne Avenue North info@silverfernchemical.com
Suite #C
Seattle WA 98109, USA
24 Hour Emergency Contact
Infotrac 800-535-5053
Outside USA & Canada 352-323-3500
SECTION 2: HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
This material is considered to be hazardous according to regulatory guidelines (see MSDS Section 15).
POTENTIAL PHYSICAL / CHEMICAL EFFECTS
Combustible. Material can release vapors that readily form flammable mixtures. Vapor accumulation could flash and/or
explode if ignited. Material can accumulate static charges which may cause an incendiary electrical discharge.
POTENTIAL HEALTH EFFECTS
Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking. If swallowed, may be aspirated and cause lung damage. May
be irritating to the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. May cause central nervous system depression.
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
Toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.
NFPA Hazard ID: Health: 1 Flammability: 2 Reactivity: 0
HMIS Hazard ID: Health: 1 Flammability: 2 Reactivity: 0
NOTE: This material should not be used for any other purpose than the intended use in Section 1 without expert
advice. Health studies have shown that chemical exposure may cause potential human health risks which may vary from
person to person.
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Material Safety Data Sheet
AROMATIC 100
SECTION 3: COMPOSITION / INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS
Reportable Hazardous Substance(s) or Complex Substance(s)
Name CAS# Concentration*
SOLVENT NAPHTHA (PETROLEUM), LIGHT AROMATIC 64742-95-6 100%
Hazardous Constituent(s) Contained in Complex Substance(s)
Name CAS# Concentration*
CUMENE 98-82-8 < 1.1%
PSEUDOCUMENE (1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE) 95-63-6 < 32.0%
XYLENES 1330-20-7 < 2.2%
* All concentrations are percent by weight unless material is a gas. Gas concentrations are in percent by volume.
SECTION 4: FIRST AID MEASURES
INHALATION
Remove from further exposure. For those providing assistance, avoid exposure to yourself or others. Use adequate
respiratory protection. If respiratory irritation, dizziness, nausea, or unconsciousness occurs, seek immediate medical
assistance. If breathing has stopped, assist ventilation with a mechanical device or use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
SKIN CONTACT
Wash contact areas with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing. Launder contaminated clothing before reuse.
EYE CONTACT
Flush thoroughly with water. If irritation occurs, get medical assistance.
INGESTION
Seek immediate medical attention. Do not induce vomiting.
NOTE TO PHYSICIAN
If ingested, material may be aspirated into the lungs and cause chemical pneumonitis. Treat appropriately.
SECTION 5: FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES
EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
Appropriate Extinguishing Media: Use water fog, foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide (CO2) to extinguish flames.
Inappropriate Extinguishing Media: Straight Streams of Water
FIRE FIGHTING
Fire Fighting Instructions: Evacuate area. Prevent runoff from fire control or dilution from entering streams, sewers,
or drinking water supply. Firefighters should use standard protective equipment and in enclosed spaces, self-contained
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Material Safety Data Sheet
AROMATIC 100
breathing apparatus (SCBA). Use water spray to cool fire exposed surfaces and to protect personnel.
Unusual Fire Hazards: Vapors are flammable and heavier than air. Vapors may travel across the ground and reach
remote ignition sources causing a flashback fire danger. Hazardous material. Firefighters should consider protective
equipment indicated in Section 8.
Hazardous Combustion Products: Oxides of carbon, Incomplete combustion products, Smoke, Fume
FLAMMABILITY PROPERTIES
Flash Point [Method]: >42C (108F) [ ASTM D-56]
Flammable Limits (Approximate volume % in air): LEL: 0.9 UEL: 6.2
Autoignition Temperature: 479?(894?br>
C F)
SECTION 6: ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
NOTIFICATION PROCEDURES
In the event of a spill or accidental release, notify relevant authorities in accordance with all applicable regulations. In the
event of a spill or accidental release, notify relevant authorities in accordance with all applicable regulations. US
regulations require reporting releases of this material to the environment which exceed the applicable reportable quantity
or oil spills which could reach any waterway including intermittent dry creeks. The National Response Center can be
reached at (800) 424-8802.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Avoid contact with spilled material. Warn or evacuate occupants in surrounding and downwind areas if required due to
toxicity or flammability of the material. See Section 5 for fire fighting information. See the Hazard Identification Section
for Significant Hazards. See Section 4 for First Aid Advice. See Section 8 for Personal Protective Equipment.
SPILL MANAGEMENT
Land Spill: Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Stop leak if you can
do it without risk. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through
spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewer, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be
used to reduce vapors. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand
or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Large Spills: Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not
prevent ignition in closed spaces. Recover by pumping or with suitable absorbent.
Water Spill: Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Eliminate sources of ignition. Warn other shipping. If the Flash
Point exceeds the Ambient Temperature by 10 degrees C or more, use containment booms and remove from the
surface by skimming or with suitable absorbents when conditions permit. If the Flash Point does not exceed the
Ambient Air Temperature by at least 10C, use booms as a barrier to protect shorelines and allow material to evaporate.
Seek the advice of a specialist before using dispersants.
Water spill and land spill recommendations are based on the most likely spill scenario for this material; however,
geographic conditions, wind, temperature, (and in the case of a water spill) wave and current direction and speed may
greatly influence the appropriate action to be taken. For this reason, local experts should be consulted. Note: Local
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Material Safety Data Sheet
AROMATIC 100
regulations may prescribe or limit action to be taken.
ENVIRONMENTAL PRECAUTIONS
Large Spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later recovery and disposal.
Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas.
SECTION 7: HANDLING AND STORAGE
HANDLING
Avoid contact with skin.
Potentially toxic/irritating fumes/vapors may be evolved from heated or agitated material.
Use only with adequate ventilation.
Use proper bonding and/or grounding procedures. Prevent small spills and leakage to avoid slip hazard.
Material can accumulate static charges which may cause an electrical spark (ignition source).
Loading/Unloading Temperature: Ambient
Transport Temperature: Ambient
Transport Pressure: Ambient
Static Accumulator: This material is a static accumulator.
STORAGE
Keep container closed. Handle containers with care. Open slowly in order to control possible pressure release. Store in
a cool, well-ventilated area. Storage containers should be grounded and bonded. Drums must be grounded and
bonded and equipped with self-closing valves, pressure vacuum bungs and flame arresters.
Storage Temperature: Ambient
Storage Pressure: Ambient
Suitable Containers/Packing:
Railcars; Tank Trucks; Barges; Drums; Tankers
Suitable Materials and Coatings:
Carbon Steel; Stainless Steel; Copper Bronze; Inorganic Zinc Coatings; Epoxy Phenolic; Polyamide Epoxy; Amine
Epoxy; Viton
Unsuitable Materials and Coatings:
Vinyl Coatings; Butyl Rubber; Natural Rubber; Ethylene-proplyene-diene monomer (EPDM); Polyethylene; Polystyrene;
Polypropylene; PVC; Polyacrylonitrile
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SILVER FERN CHEMICAL
Material Safety Data Sheet
AROMATIC 100
SECTION 8: EXPOSURE CONTROLS AND PERSONAL PROTECTION
EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUES
Exposure limits/standards (Note: Exposure limits are not additive)
Source Form Limit / Standard Note Source
CUMENE TWA 245 50 ppm Skin OSHA Z1
mg/m3
CUMENE TWA 50 ppm N/A ACGIH
PSEUDOCUMENE (1,2,4- TWA 25 ppm N/A ACGIH
TRIMETHYLBENZENE)
SOLVENT NAPHTHA Vapor. RCP - 19 ppm 100 Total ExxonMobil
(PETROLEUM), LIGHT AROMATIC TWA mg/m3 Hydrocarbons
XYLENES TWA 435 100 N/A OSHA Z1
mg/m3 ppm
XYLENES STEL 150 ppm N/A ACGIH
XYLENES TWA 100 ppm N/A ACGIH
NOTE: Limits/standards shown for guidance only. Follow applicable regulations.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
The level of protection and types of controls necessary will vary depending upon potential exposure conditions.
Control measures to consider:
Adequate ventilation should be provided so that exposure limits are not exceeded. Use explosion-proof ventilation
equipment.
PERSONAL PROTECTION
Personal protective equipment selections vary based on potential exposure conditions such as applications, handling
practices, concentration and ventilation. Information on the selection of protective equipment for use with this material,
as provided below, is based upon intended, normal usage.
Respiratory Protection: If engineering controls do not maintain airborne contaminant concentrations at a level which
is adequate to protect worker health, an approved respirator may be appropriate. Respirator selection, use, and
maintenance must be in accordance with regulatory requirements, if applicable. Types of respirators to be considered
for this material include: Half-face filter respirator.
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Material Safety Data Sheet
AROMATIC 100
For high airborne concentrations, use an approved supplied-air respirator, operated in positive pressure mode. Supplied
air respirators with an escape bottle may be appropriate when oxygen levels are inadequate, gas/vapor warning
properties are poor, or if air purifying filter capacity/rating may be exceeded.
Hand Protection: Any specific glove information provided is based on published literature and glove manufacturer
data. Work conditions can greatly affect glove durability; inspect and replace worn or damaged gloves. The types of
gloves to be considered for this material include:
If prolonged or repeated contact is likely, chemical resistant gloves are recommended. If contact with forearms is likely,
wear gauntlet style gloves.
Eye Protection: If contact is likely, safety glasses with side shields are recommended.
Skin and Body Protection: Any specific clothing information provided is based on published literature or
manufacturer data. The types of clothing to be considered for this material include:
If prolonged or repeated contact is likely, chemical, and oil resistant clothing is recommended.
Specific Hygiene Measures: Always observe good personal hygiene measures, such as washing after handling the
material and before eating, drinking, and/or smoking. Routinely wash work clothing and protective equipment to remove
contaminants. Discard contaminated clothing and footwear that cannot be cleaned. Practice good housekeeping.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS
See Sections 6, 7, 12, 13.
SECTION 9: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Typical physical and chemical properties are given below.
Consult the Supplier in Section 1 for additional data.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Physical State: Liquid
Form: Clear
Color: Colorless
Odor: Aromatic
Odor Threshold: N/D
IMPORTANT HEALTH, SAFETY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
Relative Density (at 15.6 C ): 0.874
Density (at 15 篊): 873 kg/m?(7.29 lbs/gal, 0.87 kg/dm?
Flash Point [Method]: >42C (108F) [ ASTM D-56]
Flammable Limits (Approximate volume % in air): LEL: 0.9 UEL: 6.2
Autoignition Temperature: 479?(894?br>
C F)
Boiling Point / Range: 161C (322F) - 171C (340F)
Vapor Density (Air = 1): 4.2 at 101 kPa
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Material Safety Data Sheet
AROMATIC 100
Vapor Pressure: 0.262 kPa (1.97 mm Hg) at 20 C | 0.815 kPa (6.13 mm Hg) at 38C
Evaporation Rate (n-butyl acetate = 1): 0.27
pH: N/A
Log Pow (n-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient): N/D
Solubility in Water: Negligible
Viscosity: 0.75 cSt (0.75 mm2/sec ) at 40 C | 0.9 cSt (0.9 mm2/sec) at 25C
Oxidizing Properties: See Sections 3, 15, 16.
OTHER INFORMATION
Freezing Point: -14?(7?br>
C F)
Melting Point: N/D
Molecular Weight: 121
Hygroscopic: No
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion: 0.00085 V/VDEGC
SECTION 10: STABILITY AND REACTIVITY
STABILITY: Material is stable under normal conditions.
CONDITIONS TO AVOID: Avoid heat, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources.
MATERIALS TO AVOID: Strong oxidizers, Nitric acid, Sulfuric acid
HAZARDOUS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS: Material does not decompose at ambient temperatures.
HAZARDOUS POLYMERIZATION: Will not occur.
SECTION 11: TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION
ACUTE TOXICITY
Route of Exposure Conclusion / Remarks
Inhalation
Toxicity: Data available. Minimally Toxic. Based on test data for the material.
Irritation: Data available. Elevated temperatures or mechanical action may form vapors,
mist, or fumes which may be irritating to the eyes, nose, throat,
or lungs. Based on test data for structurally similar materials.
Ingestion
Toxicity: LD50 > 3000 mg/kg Minimally Toxic. Based on test data for structurally similar
materials.
Skin
Toxicity: LD50 > 3160 mg/kg Minimally Toxic. Based on test data for the material.
Irritation: Data available. Mildly irritating to skin with prolonged exposure. Based on test
data for the material.
Eye
Irritation: Data available. May cause mild, short-lasting discomfort to eyes. Based on test
data for the material.
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Material Safety Data Sheet
AROMATIC 100
CHRONIC/OTHER EFFECTS
For the product itself:
Vapor/aerosol concentrations above recommended exposure levels are irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract,
may cause headaches, dizziness, anesthesia, drowsiness, unconsciousness and other central nervous system
effects including death.
Prolonged and/or repeated skin contact with low viscosity materials may defat the skin resulting in possible
irritation and dermatitis.
Small amounts of liquid aspirated into the lungs during ingestion or from vomiting may cause chemical
pneumonitis or pulmonary edema.
Contains:
CUMENE: Repeated inhalation exposure of cumene vapor produced damage in the kidney of male rats only.
These effects are believed to be species specific and are not relevant to humans.
The following ingredients are cited on the lists below: None.
--REGULATORY LISTS SEARCHED--
1 = NTP CARC 3 = IARC 1 5 = IARC 2B
2 = NTP SUS 4 = IARC 2A 6 = OSHA CARC
SECTION 12: ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
The information given is based on data available for the material, the components of the material, and similar materials.
ECOTOXICITY
Material -- Expected to be toxic to aquatic organisms. May cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic
environment.
MOBILITY
Material -- Highly volatile, will partition rapidly to air. Not expected to partition to sediment and wastewater solids.
PERSISTENCE AND DEGRADABILITY
Biodegradation:
Material -- Expected to be readily biodegradable.
Hydrolysis:
Material -- Transformation due to hydrolysis not expected to be significant.
Photolysis:
Material -- Transformation due to photolysis not expected to be significant.
Atmospheric Oxidation:
Material -- Expected to degrade rapidly in air
OTHER ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION
VOC (EPA Method 24): 7.294 lbs/gal
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Material Safety Data Sheet
AROMATIC 100
SECTION 13: DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS
Disposal recommendations based on material as supplied. Disposal must be in accordance with current applicable laws
and regulations, and material characteristics at time of disposal.
DISPOSAL RECOMMENDATIONS
Product is suitable for burning in an enclosed controlled burner for fuel value or disposal by supervised
incineration at very high temperatures to prevent formation of undesirable combustion products.
REGULATORY DISPOSAL INFORMATION
RCRA Information: Disposal of unused product may be subject to RCRA regulations (40 CFR 261). Disposal of
the used product may also be regulated due to ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity or toxicity as determined by the
Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). Potential RCRA characteristics: IGNITABILITY.
Empty Container Warning Empty Container Warning (where applicable): Empty containers may contain residue and
can be dangerous. Do not attempt to refill or clean containers without proper instructions. Empty drums should be
completely drained and safely stored until appropriately reconditioned or disposed. Empty containers should be taken
for recycling, recovery, or disposal through suitably qualified or licensed contractor and in accordance with governmental
regulations. DO NOT PRESSURISE, CUT, WELD, BRAZE, SOLDER, DRILL, GRIND, OR EXPOSE SUCH
CONTAINERS TO HEAT, FLAME, SPARKS, STATIC ELECTRICITY, OR OTHER SOURCES OF IGNITION. THEY
MAY EXPLODE AND CAUSE INJURY OR DEATH.
SECTION 14: TRANSPORT INFORMATION
LAND (DOT)
Proper Shipping Name: PETROLEUM DISTILLATES, N.O.S.
Hazard Class & Division: COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID
ID Number: 1268
Packing Group: III
Product RQ: 4545.45 lbs - XYLENES
ERG Number: 128
Label(s): NONE
Transport Document Name: UN1268, PETROLEUM DISTILLATES, N.O.S., COMBUSTIBLE LIQUID, PG III,
RQ (Xylenes)
Footnote: The flash point of this material is greater than 100 F. Regulatory classification of this material varies.
DOT: Flammable liquid or combustible liquid. OSHA: Combustible liquid. IATA/IMO: Flammable liquid. This
material is not regulated under 49 CFR in a container of 119 gallon capacity or less when transported solely by
land, as long as the material is not a hazardous waste, a marine pollutant, or specifically listed as a hazardous
substance.
LAND (TDG)
Proper Shipping Name: PETROLEUM DISTILLATES, N.O.S.
Hazard Class & Division: 3
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Material Safety Data Sheet
AROMATIC 100
UN Number: 1268
Packing Group: III
SEA (IMDG)
Proper Shipping Name: PETROLEUM DISTILLATES, N.O.S.
Hazard Class & Division: 3
EMS Number: F-E, S-E
UN Number: 1268
Packing Group: III
Label(s): 3
Transport Document Name: UN1268, PETROLEUM DISTILLATES, N.O.S., 3, PG III, (42癈 c.c.)
AIR (IATA)
Proper Shipping Name: PETROLEUM DISTILLATES, N.O.S.
Hazard Class & Division: 3
UN Number: 1268
Packing Group: III
Label(s): 3
Transport Document Name: UN1268, PETROLEUM DISTILLATES, N.O.S., 3, PG III
This information is not intended to convey all specific regulatory or operational requirements/information relating to this
product. It is the responsibility of the transporting organization to follow all applicable laws, regulations and rules relating
to the transportation of the material.
SECTION 15: REGULATORY INFORMATION
OSHA HAZARD COMMUNICATION STANDARD: When used for its intended purpose, this material is classified as
hazardous in accordance with OSHA 29CFR 1910.1200.
NATIONAL CHEMICAL INVENTORY LISTING: PICCS, EINECS, IECSC, DSL, AICS, ENCS, TSCA, KECI
EPCRA: This material contains no extremely hazardous substances.
CERCLA: This material is not subject to any special reporting under the requirements of the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). Contact local authorities to determine if other
reporting requirements apply.
CERCLA:
Chemical Name CAS Number Typical Value Component RQ Product RQ
CUMENE 98-82-8 < 1.1% 5000 lbs 454545.45 lbs
XYLENES 1330-20-7 < 2.2% 100 lbs 4545.45 lbs
CWA / OPA: This product is classified as an oil under Section 311 of the Clean Water Act (40 CFR 110) and the Oil
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Material Safety Data Sheet
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Pollution Act of 1990. Discharge or spills which produce a visible sheen on either surface water, or in waterways/sewers
which lead to surface water, must be reported to the National Response Center at 800-424-8802.
SARA (311/312) REPORTABLE HAZARD CATEGORIES: Fire. Immediate Health.
SARA (313) TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY:
Chemical Name CAS Number Typical Value
CUMENE 98-82-8 < 1.1%
PSEUDOCUMENE (1,2,4- 95-63-6 < 32%
TRIMETHYLBENZENE)
XYLENES 1330-20-7 < 2.2%
The Following Ingredients are Cited on the Lists Below:
Chemical Name CAS Number List Citations
CUMENE 98-82-8 1, 4, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19
PSEUDOCUMENE (1,2,4- 95-63-6 1, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19
TRIMETHYLBENZENE)
XYLENES 1330-20-7 1, 4, 5, 9, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19
--REGULATORY LISTS SEARCHED--
1 = ACGIH ALL 6 = TSCA 5a2 11 = CA P65 REPRO 16 = MN RTK
2 = ACGIH A1 7 = TSCA 5e 12 = CA RTK 17 = NJ RTK
3 = ACGIH A2 8 = TSCA 6 13 = IL RTK 18 = PA RTK
4 = OSHA Z 9 = TSCA 12b 14 = LA RTK 19 = RI RTK
5 = TSCA 4 10 = CA P65 CARC 15 = MI 293
Code key: CARC=Carcinogen; REPRO=Reproductive
SECTION 16: OTHER INFORMATION
PRECAUTIONARY LABEL TEXT:
Contains: SOLVENT NAPHTHA (PETROLEUM), LIGHT AROMATIC
CAUTION!
HEALTH HAZARDS
Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking. If swallowed, may be aspirated and cause lung damage.
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Combustible. Material can accumulate static charges which may cause an incendiary electrical discharge.
PRECAUTIONS
Avoid contact with skin. Potentially toxic/irritating fumes/vapors may be evolved from heated or agitated material. Use
only with adequate ventilation. Use proper bonding and/or grounding procedures.
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FIRST AID
Inhalation: Remove from further exposure. For those providing assistance, avoid exposure to yourself or others. Use
adequate respiratory protection. If respiratory irritation, dizziness, nausea, or unconsciousness occurs, seek immediate
medical assistance. If breathing has stopped, assist ventilation with a mechanical device or use mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation.
Eye: Flush thoroughly with water. If irritation occurs, get medical assistance.
Oral: Seek immediate medical attention. Do not induce vomiting.
Skin: Wash contact areas with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing. Launder contaminated clothing
before reuse.
FIRE FIGHTING MEDIA
Use water fog, foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide (CO2) to extinguish flames.
SPILL/LEAK
Land Spill: Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Stop leak if you
can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewer, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam
may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to
containers. Recover by pumping or with suitable absorbent.
Water Spill: Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Eliminate sources of ignition. Warn other shipping. If the Flash
Point exceeds the Ambient Temperature by 10 degrees C or more, use containment booms and remove from the
surface by skimming or with suitable absorbents when conditions permit. If the Flash Point does not exceed the
Ambient Air Temperature by at least 10C, use booms as a barrier to protect shorelines and allow material to evaporate.
Seek the advice of a specialist before using dispersants.
This warning is given to comply with California Health and Safety Code 25249.6 and does not constitute an admission or
a waiver of rights. This product contains a chemical known to the State of California to cause cancer.
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DISCLAIMER OF RESPONSIBILITY
The information on this MSDS was obtained from sources which we believe are reliable. However, the information is
provided without any warranty, expressed or implied, regarding its correctness. Some information presented and
conclusions drawn herein are from sources other than direct test data on the substance itself. The conditions or
methods of handling, storage, use and disposal of the product are beyond our control and may be beyond our
knowledge. For this and other reasons, we do not assume responsibility and expressly disclaim liability for loss,
damage, or expense arising out of or in any way connected with handling, storage, use, or disposal of this product. If
the product is used as a component in another product, this MSDS information may not be applicable.
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