Tuftone HB-580 / Tuftone STR-333H / Tuftone HB-308
File No: NA/687
Mqay 1999
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS NOTIFICATION
AND ASSESSMENT SCHEME
FULL PUBLIC REPORT
Tuftone HB-580 / Tuftone STR-333H / Tuftone HB-308
This Assessment has been compiled in accordance with the provisions of the Industrial
Chemicals (Notification and Assessment) Act 1989 (the Act) and Regulations. This legislation
is an Act of the Commonwealth of Australia. The National Industrial Chemicals Notification
and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) is administered by the National Occupational Health and
Safety Commission which also conducts the occupational health & safety assessment. The
assessment of environmental hazard is conducted by the Department of the Environment and
the assessment of public health is conducted by the Department of Health and Aged Care.
F o r the purposes of subsection 78(1) of the Act, copies of this full public report may be
inspected by the public at the Library, National Occupational Health and Safety Commission,
92-94 Parramatta Road, Camperdown NSW 2050, between the following hours:
Monday - Wednesday 8.30 am - 5.00 pm
Thursday 8.30 am - 8.00 pm
Friday 8.30 am - 5.00 pm
Copies of this full public report may also be requested, free of charge, by contacting the
Administration Coordinator on the fax number below.
For enquiries please contact the Administration Coordinator at:
Street Address: 92 Parramatta Rd Camperdown, NSW 2050, AUSTRALIA
Postal Address: GPO Box 58, Sydney 2001, AUSTRALIA
Telephone: (61) (02) 9577-9514 FAX (61) (02) 9577-9465
Director
Chemicals Notification and Assessment
NA/687
FULL PUBLIC REPORT
Tuftone HB-580 / Tuftone STR-333H / Tuftone HB-308
1. APPLICANT
Kyocera Electronics Australia Pty Ltd of Unit 6, 112 Talavera Road, NORTH RYDE, NSW
2113 has submitted a limited notification statement in support of their application for an
assessment certificate for the polymer in Tuftone HB-580 / Tuftone STR-333H / Tuftone
HB-308.
2. IDENTITY OF THE CHEMICAL
The notifier has made no claims for any information to be exempted from the Full Public and
Summary Reports.
Chemical Name: 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid polymer with
1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-5-isobenzofurancarboxylic acid,
dihydro-3-(tetrapropenyl)-2,5-furandione,
ethenylbenzene, 2-ethylhexyl-2-propenoate,
, '-((1-methylethylidene) di-4,1-phenylene) bis (-
hydroxypoly (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)),
, '-((1-methylethylidene) di-4,1-phenylene) bis (-
hydroxypoly (oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl))) and
2-propenoic acid, graft, bis (1-methyl-phenylethyl)
peroxide-initiated
Chemical Abstracts Service 149367-99-7
(CAS) Registry No.:
Other Names: Tuftone HB-580, Tuftone STR-333H, Tuftone HB-308
Trade Names: Tuftone HB-580, Tuftone STR-333H, Tuftone HB-308
Number-Average
Molecular Weight (NAMW): 2 850
Weight-Average
Molecular Weight: 40 020
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NA/687 2
Maximum Percentage of Low
Molecular Weight Species
Molecular Weight < 500: 4.03%
Molecular Weight < 1 000: 9.36%
Molecular Formula:
(C3H6O)a C15H14O2 . (C2H4O)c C15H16O2 . C16H26O3 . C8H6O4 . C9H4O5 . C8H8 . C11H20O2 .
C3H4O2
Structural Formula:
CH3 CH3
O O O O
.
H H H H
O O O O
CH3 CH3 b
CH3 CH3
a c d
COOH
C12H23
. . . . .
HO2C CO2H COOC8H17 COOH
O O
O
O O X
O
, b , c , d = 1~1.5
a
Weight Percentage of Ingredients:
Chemical Name CAS No. Weight %
1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid 100-21-0 5-25
(p-phthalic acid)
1,3-dihydro-1,3-dioxo-5-isobenzofurancarboxylic acid 552-30-7 0.5-15
( 4 - c a r b o x y p h t h a l i c anhydride)
dihydro-3-(tetrapropenyl)-2,5-furandione 26544-38-7 0.5-15
(tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride)
ethenylbenzene 100-42-5 10-40
(styrene)
2-ethylhexyl-2-propenoate 103-11-7 1-10
(2-ethylhexyl acrylate)
, '-((1-methylethylidene) di-4,1-phenylene) bis ( - 32492-61-8 0.5-25
hydroxypoly (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl))
( b i s p h e n o l A bis(polyethyleneglycol) ether)
, '-((1-methylethylidene) di-4,1-phenylene) bis ( - 37353-75-6 20-60
hydroxypoly (oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)))
( b i s p h e n o l A bis(polypropyleneglycol) ether)
2-propenoic acid 79-10-7 0.1-10
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NA/687 3
(acrylic acid)
bis (1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) peroxide 80-43-3 0.1-10
(dicumyl peroxide)
dibutyltin oxide 818-08-6 0.1-0.5
Method of Detection data from gel permeation chromatography and infrared
and Determination: (IR) spectroscopy were provided for the notified
polymer
Spectral Data: IR major peaks at 555, 691, 826, 1 111, 1 239, 1 457, 1
507, 1 600, 1 726 and 2 929 cm-1
3. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Appearance at 20癈 pale yellow powder
and 101.3 kPa:
Particle size: 9.2% by mass is smaller than 75祄
Particle size range % w/w
> 400 50.3
125-400 33.8
75-125 6.7
30-75 8.1
10-30 1.1
< 10 0
Melting Range: 88-155癈
Specific Gravity: 1.12
1.7 x 10-10 kPa at 25癈
Vapour Pressure:
Water Solubility: <1mg/L at 20癈
Partition Co-efficient no data presented; see comments below
(n-octanol/water):
Hydrolysis as a Function of pH: no data presented; see comments below
Adsorption/Desorption: no data presented; see comments below
Dissociation Constant: no data presented; see comments below
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NA/687 4
Flash Point: not applicable; chemical is a solid at room temperature
Flammability Limits: the notified chemical is not regarded as flammable
Autoignition Temperature: no self ignition below melting temperatures
Explosive Properties: no explosive properties
Reactivity: no oxidising properties
Comments on Physico-Chemical Properties
Tests were performed according to EEC/OECD test guidelines at facilities complying with
OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice.
Hydrolysis, Partition Coefficient, Adsorption/Desorption and Dissociation Constant have not
been determined due to the low water solubility of the polymer. These data gaps are
accepted because hydrolysis of the ester and ether linkages of the polymer would not be
expected under environmental conditions. As the polymer has low water solubility it is likely
t o have a high log P OW and to adsorb to, or be associated with, soil/sediment and organic
matter and be immobile in soil.
The polymer contains a small amount of free carboxylic acid functionalities, that areexpected
to have typical acidity.
4. PURITY OF THE CHEMICAL
Degree of Purity: 97% w/w (95-100%)
Non-hazardous Impurities (> 1% by weight):
, '-((1-methylethylidene) di-4,1-phenylene) bis (-
Chemical name:
hydroxypoly (oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)))
Synonyms: bisphenol A bis(polypropyleneglycol) ether
Weight percentage: 3.1% (range 1-5%)
CAS No.: 37353-75-6
Comments: may cause skin and eye irritation (from Material Safety
Data Sheet (MSDS))
Additives/Adjuvants: none
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NA/687 5
5. USE, VOLUME AND FORMULATION
The notified chemical is a polyester/styrene-acrylic grafted polymer and will be used in the
printing industry as a binder resin in toner for electrophotography. It will be imported as a
component (85% by weight) of the copier/printer toner, Toner N1, in 100 g cartridges. The
amounts that will be imported over the next five years are as follows :
1999 1.9 tonnes
2000 2.6 tonnes
2001 2.7 tonnes
2002 2.7 tonnes
2003 2.7 tonnes .
All manufacturing, formulation and packaging of the toner will be performed prior to
importation.
6. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
The notified polymer is a component (85%) of an imported toner product, which is also in
powder form. Boxes of toner cartridges will be transported to customers in the printing
industry. No reformulation or repackaging will take place. Hence, no exposure to the notified
polymer in the toner, is expected during transportation and storage other than for accidental
spillage.
Since the toner is imported ready to use, the notifier has not provided any information on the
number and categories of workers or nature of work done subsequent to importation.
Typically, occupational exposure to the toner would be experienced by copier/ printer service
personnel and office or printing staff using the machines and replacing or inserting new toner
cartridges. When in use, the toner is completely sealed in the developing unit of the printer.
The notifier states that protective equipment is not necessary for persons exposed to the
toner.
The notifier estimates that the amount of general airborne dust, including toner dust, around
the printer would be approximately 0.02 mg/m3.
Inhalation and dermal exposure to the toner powder may occur during toner replacement,
particularly in the event of a container leak or spill, however this is a rare event. Office
workers would not normally wear protective equipment.
Exposure may occur upon handling printed matter with the toner applied. However, less
than 50mg of toner is used per legal sheet of paper, and it becomes fixed once applied to the
printed surface. These considerations indicate there would be no human exposure to the
notified chemical during the handling of printed materials.
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NA/687 6
7. PUBLIC EXPOSURE
The toner powder containing the notified polymer will only be used by industrial printing
firms; therefore, public contact will only occur from touching the fixed toner on paper. The
notifier states that the toner is fused to the paper and, under normal conditions, release from
the surface is unlikely to occur. Consequently, the potential for public exposure to the
notified polymer during all phases of its life cycle is considered to be negligible.
8. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
Release
The notified polymer, as a component of a pre-formulated toner, will be imported in
cartridges. Under normal use the toner is transferred onto a sheet of paper where it is firmly
fixed to the surface by heat. Thus the polymer will be fixed into the cured toner and release to
the environment will be negligible. Waste paper containing the toner (and thus the notified
polymer) will eventually be sent to landfill, recycled or incinerated.
Release of the notified polymer will also occur through the disposal of cartridges containing
residues of the toner. The notifier has indicated that the amount of residue left in the cartridges
after use is between 1-5%. The expected volume of residue remaining in the cartridges will be
about 1-5 g. However, as the toner contains approximately 30% of the notified polymer, the
maximum quantity of polymer released in this fashion would be less than 0.03-1.6 g per
cartridge. This represents a maximum of 43.2 kg of the notified polymer per year (assuming an
annual import of 2.7 tonnes of the polymer). The spent cartridges will be disposed of to
landfill. The disposal of cartridges would be widespread across Australia.
Environmental release during transport due to accidental spillage will be limited because the
toner is supplied in small volume cartridges.
Environmental exposure to the notified substance could occur during disposal or recycling
paper containing the polymer (see below).
Fate
T h e polymer will most likely share the fate of its paper substrate and be disposed of to
landfill, recycled or incinerated. Small quantities, as residual toner in spent containers, will
also be disposed of by landfill. Polymer disposed of to landfill is unlikely to leach or
contaminate surface water because of its low water solubility and expected high partition
coefficient.
Paper recycling is a growing industry in Australia. Waste paper is repulped using a variety of
alkalis, water emulsifiable organic solvents and dispersing, bleaching and wetting agents.
These chemicals enhance the fibre separation, ink detachment from the fibres and pulp
brightness and hence the whiteness of the paper. After pulping, the contaminants and the ink
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NA/687 7
are separated from the fibres by pumping the stock through various heat washing, screening,
cleaning, flotation and dispersion stages. The notifier has provided no data on the likely
behaviour of the polymer during the recycling process. The hydrolysis of ester linkages under
alkaline conditions will be minimal due to the low solubility of the polymer. The polymer
therefore is likely to survive the paper recycling conditions, either remaining bound to the
pulp or becoming associated with the sludge. In the latter case, the polymer will arrive in
landfill where it can be expected to remain intact, or be destroyed through incineration.
Biological membranes are not permeable to polymers of very large molecular size and
therefore bioaccumulation of the notified polymer is not expected (Anliker et al., 1988; Gobas
et al., 1986).
9. EVALUATION OF TOXICOLOGICAL DATA
No toxicological data were provided for the notified polymer. This is acceptable for
polymers of number-average molecular weight (NAMW) of greater than 1000 daltons.
10. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
No ecotoxicological data were provided for the notified polymer. This is acceptable for
polymers of number-average molecular weight (NAMW) of greater than 1000 daltons.
11. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD
The majority of notified polymer should not enter the environment until it is incorporated
into the heat-cured toner matrix and fixed to paper. Disposal of the waste paper containing
the toner is normally through landfill, incineration or recycling. In landfill the toner (and thus
the notified polymer) should remain fixed to the paper substrate and remain immobile.
Incineration products of the notified polymer should not produce an environmental hazard.
After the recycling process, the toner will either remain bound to the pulp or become
associated with sludge. In the latter case, the final destination is likely to be landfill where the
toner can be expected to persist but remain immobile and bound to the sludge.
Accidental spillage of the polymer, either during replacement of cartridges or during transport,
should result in powder wastes being sent to either landfill or incineration facilities. Spent
cartridges containing residues of toner are likely to be sent to landfill. As a worst case, a
maximum of 231 kg of the notified polymer could be sent to landfill at maximum import
quantities. The disposal of cartridges would be widespread across Australia.
The notified polymer is not likely to present a hazard to the environment when it is stored,
transported and used in the proposed manner. Environmental exposure and the overall
environmental hazard through the chemical's introduction and use should be negligible.
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NA/687 8
12. ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
EFFECTS
There is no toxicological data available on the notified polymer. However the notifier has
determined that neither the notified polymer, nor the toner, would be a hazardous substance,
under the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission Approved Criteria for
Classifying Hazardous Substances (NOHSC, 1994b). The notified polymer in powder form
is comprised of particles larger than the respirable range (i.e. all particles are >10祄 in size).
However, approximately 20-25% w/w of particles are within the inspirable range (<180祄)
and may be lodged in the upper respiratory tract and may lead to respiratory irritation. The
main residual monomer of the notified chemical may cause skin and eye irritation. However,
a s it is not a hazardous substance and is present in the polymer preparation at 3.1% it is
unlikely to be a source of irritation in the imported toner product.
Occupational Health and Safety
The notifier states that toner powder containing the notified polymer will be used by
industrial printing firms. Training on how to handle the process unit and toner cartridge
(containing the notified polymer) will be given to all personnel concerned. To date there are
no records of injuries, diseases or incidence related to workers exposed to the test substance.
Service personnel may be exposed to the notified polymer when cleaning printer/copier
equipment and replacing the toner cartridges; however, as neither the notified polymer or the
toner product is hazardous the risk of adverse health effects is low. Disposable gloves may
be worn to prevent skin irritation and workers should avoid any the generation of dust when
handling the toner.
Printing and office staff who replace toner cartridges may be exposed on occasions to the
notified polymer. Upon application to the paper, the toner is fused to the surface and release
is unlikely to occur. Therefore, the risk of adverse health effects to personnel is very low and
no protective equipment is required. Nevertheless, any generation of dust should be avoided.
The notifier estimates that the general dust, including toner dust, in the vicinity of the
copier/printer is 0.02 mg/m3. No justification for this value was provided, however it is noted
that it falls below the NOHSC exposure standard for carbon black (3 mg/m3, time weighted
average), a component in the toner product. Employers are responsible for ensuring the
NOHSC exposure standard is not exceeded in the workplace. It is unlikely that atmospheric
monitoring would be required in typical copier/printer locations.
Spilt residues should be swept up manually or using an industrial vacuum cleaner and placed
within a waste container.
Given these considerations, the chemical will not pose a significant health risk in the
occupational environment.
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NA/687 9
Workers handling printed paper are not at risk of adverse health effects because the polymer
is fixed to the paper and not available for exposure or dermal uptake.
Public Health
Based on its use pattern, physico-chemical properties and low toxicity, the notified polymer
will not pose a significant hazard to public health.
13. RECOMMENDATIONS
To minimise occupational exposure to the notified polymer, the following guidelines and
precautions should be observed :
Avoid generation of dust clouds when handling the toner;
?br>
Service operators should wear disposable, rubber gloves when handling toner;
?br>
Spillage of the notified chemical should be avoided. Spillages should be cleaned up
?br>
promptly with absorbents which should be put into containers for disposal;
Good personal hygiene should be practised to minimise the potential for ingestion;
?br>
A copy of the appropriate MSDS should be easily accessible to employees .
?br>
The NOHSC exposure standard for carbon black should not be exceeded in the workplace.
14. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
MSDS for the notified polymer (Tuftone HB-580) and a toner end use product containing the
notified polymer were provided in a format consistent with the National Code of Practice for
the Preparation of Material Safety Data Sheets (NOHSC, 1994c).
T h e s e MSDS were provided by the applicant as part of the notification statement. It is
reproduced here as a matter of public record. The accuracy of this information remains the
responsibility of the applicant.
15. REQUIREMENTS FOR SECONDARY NOTIFICATION
Under the Act, secondary notification of the notified chemical shall be required if any of the
circumstances stipulated under subsection 64(2) of the Act arise. No other specific
conditions are prescribed.
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16. REFERENCES
Anliker R, Moser P and Poppinger D (1988) Bioaccumulation of dyestuffs and organic
pigments in fish. Relationships to hydrophobicity and steric factors. Chemosphere 17(8),
1631-1644.
European Commission (1992) Methods for the Determination of Physico-Chemical Properties,
Part A, Commission Directive 92/69/EC. Official Journal of the European Communities No.
L383A.
G o b a s FAPC, Opperhuizen A and Hutzinger O (1986) Bioconcentration of hydrophobic
chemicals in fish: relationship with membrane permeation. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 5, 637-646.
National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (1994a) List of Designated Hazardous
Substances [NOHSC:10005(1994)]. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (1994b) Approved Criteria for
Classifying Hazardous Substances [NOHSC:1008(1994)]. Australian Government
Publishing Service, Canberra.
National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (1994c) National Code of Practice for
the Preparation of Material Safety Data Sheets [NOHSC:2011(1994)]. Australian
Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (1981) OECD Guidelines for
Testing of Chemicals. OECD, Paris.
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