1,3-benzenedimethanamine, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(oxiranylmethyl)-, polymer with 1,3-<br>
benzenedimethanamine
File No: NA/723
7 March 2000
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS NOTIFICATION
AND ASSESSMENT SCHEME
FULL PUBLIC REPORT
1,3-benzenedimethanamine, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(oxiranylmethyl)-, polymer with 1,3-
benzenedimethanamine
This Assessment has been compiled in accordance with the provisions of the Industrial Chemicals
(Notification and Assessment) Act 1989 (the Act) and Regulations. This legislation is an Act of the
Commonwealth of Australia. The National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment
Scheme (NICNAS) is administered by the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission
which also conducts the occupational health & safety assessment. The assessment of environmental
hazard is conducted by the Department of the Environment and the assessment of public health is
conducted by the Department of Health and Aged Care.
For the purposes of subsection 78(1) of the Act, copies of this full public report may be inspected
by the public at the Library, National Occupational Health and Safety Commission, 92-94
Parramatta Road, Camperdown NSW 2050, between the following hours:
Monday - Wednesday 8.30 am - 5.00 pm
Thursday 8.30 am - 8.00 pm
Friday 8.30 am - 5.00 pm
Copies of this full public report may also be requested, free of charge, by contacting the
Administration Coordinator on the fax number below.
For enquiries please contact the Administration Coordinator at:
Street Address: 92 -94 Parramatta Rd CAMPERDOWN NSW 2050, AUSTRALIA
Postal Address: GPO Box 58, SYDNEY NSW 2001, AUSTRALIA
Telephone: (61) (02) 9577 9514 FAX (61) (02) 9577 9465
Director
Chemicals Notification and Assessment
NA/723
FULL PUBLIC REPORT
1,3-benzenedimethanamine, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(oxiranylmethyl)-, polymer with 1,3-
benzenedimethanamine
1. APPLICANT
Amtrade International of Level 2, 570 St. Kilda Rd, MELBOURNE, VIC 3004 has submitted a
limited notification statement in support of their application for an assessment certificate for 1,3-
benzenedimethanamine, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(oxiranylmethyl)-, polymer with 1,3-
benzenedimethanamine.
2. IDENTITY OF THE CHEMICAL
Chemical Name: 1,3-benzenedimethanamine, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(oxiranyl-
methyl)-, polymer with 1,3-benzenedimethanamine
Other Name: m-xylenediamine, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(oxiranylmethyl)-,
polymer with m-xylenediamine
Chemical Abstracts Service 130151-67-6
(CAS) Registry No.:
Marketing Name: Amtrade C15 (30 % notified polymer in 1-methoxy-2-
propanol)
Molecular Formula: (C20H28N2O4.C8H12N2)x
Number-Average 2108
Molecular Weight (NAMW):
Weight-Average 14635
Molecular Weight (NAMW):
Polydispersity: 6.9
Maximum Percentage of Low
Molecular Weight Species
Molecular Weight < 500: ~5%
Molecular Weight < 1 000: ~ 15 %
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Structural Formula:
OH
OH
CH2NH
NHCH2
CH2CHCH2
CH2CHCH2
OH
H2CN
OH NCH2
CH2CHCH2
CH2CHCH2
NHCH2
CH2NH
n
Weight Percentage of
Ingredients:
Chemical Name CAS No. Weight %
1,3-benzenedimethanamine, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(oxiranyl- 63738-22-7 59.5
methyl)-
1,3-benzenedimethanamine (m-XDA) 1477-55-0 40.5
Method of Detection the notified polymer can be identified using infrared
and Determination: spectrometry
Spectral Data: IR 3348, 3286, 3225, 3025, 2901, 2820, 1606, 1589,
1484, 1448, 1368, 1318, 1155, 1043, 977, 906, 865,
788, 701 cm-1
3. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The physical and chemical property data provided by the notifier are for the product,
Amtrade C15, containing 30 % notified polymer in 1-methoxy-2-propanol, unless otherwise
stated.
Appearance at 20癈 viscous opaque liquid (Amtrade C15)
and 101.3 kPa: amber solid resin (notified polymer)
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Boiling Point: 117-120癈
Specific Gravity: 0.996
Vapour Pressure: 1.064 kPa at 25癈 (solution, notified polymer not
expected to be volatile)
Water Solubility: 88 mg/L at 25癈 (calculated for the monomer, 1,3-
benzenedimethanamine, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(oxiranyl-
methyl)-, see comments below)
Particle Size: not applicable, as the polymer is imported in solution
Partition Co-efficient log Pow = 3.68 (calculated for the monomer, 1,3-
(n-octanol/water): benzenedimethanamine, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(oxiranyl-
methyl)-, see comments below)
Hydrolysis as a Function not determined (see comments below)
of pH:
Adsorption/Desorption: not determined (see comments below)
Dissociation Constant: p K a ~ 11 (see comments below)
Flash Point: 37癈 (for the solution, see comments below)
Flammability Limits: Upper Explosive Limit = 13.1 %
Lower Explosive Limit = 1.5 % (for the solution, see
comments below)
Autoignition Temperature: 270癈 (for the solution, see comments below)
Explosive Properties: not expected to be explosive
Reactivity/Stability: expected to undergo reactions typical of amines;
otherwise expected to be stable
Comments on Physico-Chemical Properties
The boiling point for the notified polymer has not been supplied. It is likely that the notified
polymer will decompose prior to reaching the boiling point.
Model estimates using ADC software (Advanced Chemical Developments, 1999) provided by the
notifier for the monomer 1,3-benzenedimethanamine, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(oxiranylmethyl)-, which
comprises approximately 60% of the notified polymer, suggest a solubility of 88 mg/L. However,
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information provided in the notification package indirectly indicates that the polymer is of lower
water solubility. Firstly, the acute toxicity test report on Daphnia magna clearly indicates that the
notified polymer resin is poorly soluble in water. Secondly, correspondence contained in the
notification package states that an analytical method for detecting the notified polymer resin in water
could not be developed since the substance was suspected of partially hydrolysing with water and
possibly reacting with the dilution solvent used.
The notified polymer is likely to become positively charged under environmental conditions. Log Pow
for the charged molecule is likely to be lower than the calculated value of 3.68. The charged species is
not likely to associate with the organic component of soils and sediments, but may adsorb to the
silicate mineral surface.
The estimated pKa value of 11 for the notified polymer is typical for secondary and tertiary aliphatic
amines and is appropriate for the structure of the notified polymer.
The flammability limits provided by the notifier relate to the solvent, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, rather
than the notified polymer. The polymer is not expected to be highly flammable, but it does contain
approximately 10 % of the flammable impurity m-XDA.
4. PURITY OF THE CHEMICAL
Degree of Purity: ~ 90 %
Hazardous Impurities:
Chemical name: 1,3-benzenedimethanamine, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(oxiranyl-
methyl)-
CAS No.: 63738-22-7
Weight percentage: < 0.1 %
R23 `Toxic by inhalation'
Toxic properties:
R21/22 `Harmful in contact with skin and if swallowed'
R38 `Irritating to skin'
R41 `Risk of serious damage to eyes'
R43 `May cause sensitisation by skin contact'
R46(2) `May cause heritable genetic damage'
this chemical has been notified and assessed under
NICNAS as NA/667 (National Occupational Health and
Safety Commission, 1999c); the risk phrases are derived
in part from analogue data for triglycidylisocyanurate
(TGIC)
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Chemical name: 1,3-benzenedimethanamine
Synonyms: m-XDA, 1,3-xylylenediamine, 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)-
benzene
CAS No.: 1477-55-0
Weight percentage: 10.12 %
On the List of Designated Hazardous Substances
Toxic properties:
(National Occupational Health and Safety Commission,
1999b) (risk phrases not stipulated)
NOHSC exposure standard 0.1 mg/m3 (peak limitation)
with skin notation (National Occupational Health and
Safety Commission, 1995)
Eye: Corrosive. Contact with eyes may cause severe
irritation, and possible eye burns.
Skin: Corrosive. May cause severe irritation and possible
burns. Skin sensitiser
Ingestion: Gastrointestinal irritant.
Inhalation: May cause severe irritation of the respiratory
tract with sore throat, coughing, shortness of
breath and delayed lung oedema.
(American Conference of Government Industrial
Hygienists, 1998)
Non-hazardous Impurities none
(> 1% by weight):
Maximum Content see above, "Hazardous Impurities"
of Residual Monomers:
Additives/Adjuvants:
Chemical name: 1-methoxy-2-propanol
Synonyms: propylene glycol monomethyl ether
CAS No.: 107-98-2
Weight percentage: 69 ?71 %
Toxic properties: eye, nose and throat irritant
anaesthetic effects are seen at above 1000 ppm
repeated exposure to high vapour concentrations may
lead to brain and nervous system damage
(American Conference of Government Industrial
Hygienists, 1998)
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Regulatory controls: NOHSC exposure standard 100 ppm TWA, 150 ppm
STEL
5. USE, VOLUME AND FORMULATION
The notified polymer is an epoxy curing agent and will be used in Part A of a two part epoxy
coating for application to plastic surfaces such as beverage bottles.
The notified polymer will not be manufactured in Australia. It will be imported at 30 % in the
product Amtrade C15. It will not be reformulated other than by mixing with Part B and glycol
ether solvent in preparation for application. The import volume of notified polymer is
estimated to be 5 000 kg/year.
6. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
Transport and Storage
Transport and storage workers may be involved with the notified polymer for 2-3 hours per day on
10-15 days per year. The notified polymer will be imported in 200 L drums. The drums will be
transported directly from the docks to the customer facility where they will be stored in a chemical
warehouse prior to use on the same site. Waterside workers, transport drivers and warehouse
workers would only be exposed to the notified polymer in the case of an accident involving rupture
of the packaging.
Plant Operators
Metered quantities of the product containing the notified polymer will be pumped or gravity fed
from the 200 L drums directly into the application machinery. The epoxy resin Part A will be mixed
with a glycol ether solvent before being mixed with Part B. The coating mix will then be sprayed onto
the plastic material using an electrostatic mechanism to minimise overspray. The treated material will
then be heated to 63癈 for 15 minutes within the process line to complete the curing of the resin
before the article is removed. The equipment used for mixing and applying the epoxy resin will be
completely enclosed and automated, so exposure would not occur during this process. The
production area is stated to have local exhaust and general ventilation to remove any vapours which
may escape.
Plant operators will be working with the notified polymer for 8 hours per day for up to 250 days per
year. In the coated products the notified polymer will be crosslinked and immobilised within the
cured epoxy matrix. The greatest exposure is likely to occur during drum connection and
disconnection, and during cleaning and maintenance of equipment, when skin contamination may
occur due to drips and spills of the polymer. Cleaning of the equipment will be carried out using a
suitable solvent, which will be collected and disposed of to a liquid waste facility by a licensed
contractor.
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The notifier states that plant operators will be required to wear impervious gloves (butyl rubber is
indicated in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)), coveralls, suitable respirator and eye
protection during connection and disconnection of containers to transfer lines and during cleaning and
maintenance of equipment.
Laboratory Technicians
The notifier indicated that 2 laboratory workers would also be involved in handling the notified
chemical. The role of laboratory staff has not been described, but they would be expected to be
involved in sampling and testing small quantities of the notified chemical. The use of appropriate
laboratory ventilation facilities and personal protective equipment such as a laboratory coat and
safety glasses would be expected.
7. PUBLIC EXPOSURE
There is little potential for exposure of the public to the notified polymer, as it is not
available for retail sale. The public will only come in contact with the coated materials where
the notified polymer will be trapped inside the cured matrix of the coating.
8. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
Release
Spills of the notified polymer will harden as the solvent evaporates, and residual polymer is likely to
be scraped up for disposal.
The majority of release of the polymer is expected to occur during spray application of the coating
mix. In conventional spray coating processes, up to 60 % of the coating mix may be lost as a result of
overspray. In such situations, overspray is normally collected on screens and then disposed of to
land fill or licensed waste contractors. The notifier has indicated that the notified polymer mix will be
applied using an electrostatic mechanism which would reduce waste. However they have not
indicated the extent of overspray mitigation as a result of the electrostatic mechanism. It is therefore
necessary to assume a worst case loss of 50 % (2500 kg/year), although this will be mixed with Part
B and will cure and immobilise the notified chemical.
The notifier estimates that 1 % (50 kg) of the notified polymer will be released through accidental
spillage in the warehouse and during transfer from steel drums to the application machinery.
However, the areas where the notified polymer will be handled, pumped and stored will be bunded.
There has been no estimate made regarding potential release of polymer as a result of transport
accidents.
Further release is anticipated as residues in the 200 L steel drums (1.5 % of drum volume, or 75 kg
per annum). The notifier states that residues in the imported drums will be mixed with Part B and
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allowed to cure prior to disposal. Cleaning and maintenance is expected to release a further 75 kg of
the notified polymer (1.5 % of import volume).
This represents a total annual release of 2700 kg (54 % of the imported volume) of notified polymer.
The notifier has stated that all releases will be collected and disposed of to a licensed waste
contractor.
Release may also occur as the result of incineration or disposal of plastic beverage bottles to landfill.
The notifier expects most bottles to be recycled whereby the polymer will become part of the plastic
matrix.
Fate
It is anticipated that the majority of released notified polymer will be sent to a licensed waste
disposal contractor. The subsequent fate of the notified polymer will be either incineration or
disposal to landfill. Incineration is likely to produce oxides of carbon and nitrogen. If disposed
of to landfill, the polymer is expected to be in a solid form, either as the polymer resin or
crosslinked with Part B, where little is expected to migrate to the aquatic compartment.
Migration through the soil profile is likely to be attenuated due to the presence of positively
charged sites on the polymer. These positively charged sites are likely to bind to negatively
charged sites on aluminosilicate minerals.
The fate of the remaining polymer matrix sprayed on beverage bottles will be the same as the
fate of the bottles. It is anticipated that a large proportion of the bottles will be recycled
whilst the remainder will be disposed of to landfill or incinerated.
It is difficult to predict the course of degradation of the notified polymer in the environment,
particularly in the absence of polymer specific physico-chemical data. It is anticipated that
small portions of the polymer resin will slowly degrade via aerobic, anaerobic and abiotic
processes. The cross linked polymer (i.e. the cured epoxy mixture) is likely to degrade more
slowly via similar processes. Degradation products may include ammonia and oxides of
carbon and nitrogen. These products are expected to be released slowly to air and aquatic
compartments. The high molecular weight suggests that bioaccumulation is unlikely to occur
(Connell, 1990).
9. EVALUATION OF TOXICOLOGICAL DATA
No toxicity studies are required for a limited notification of a polymer with NAMW > 1000.
However, one acute toxicity study is available and has been provided for assessment by the notifier.
9.1 Acute Toxicity
Summary of the acute toxicity of 1,3-benzenedimethanamine, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-
(oxiranylmethyl)-, polymer with 1,3-benzenedimethanamine
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Test Species Outcome Reference
acute oral toxicity rat LD50 > 2000 mg/kg (Allen, 1998)
9.1.1 Oral Toxicity (Allen, 1998)
Species/strain: rat/Sprague-Dawley CD
Number/sex of animals: 5/sex
Observation period: 14 days
Method of administration: gavage, test material suspended in DMSO; dose level 2353
mg/kg (equivalent to 2000 mg/kg pure notified polymer)
Test method: OECD TG 401
Mortality: there were no deaths during the study
Clinical observations: hunched posture was observed in seven animals on the day
of dosing; this persisted to the following day in two females;
lethargy was noted in two females, and ataxia in one of these,
at 4 hours after dosing
Morphological findings: no gross abnormalities were observed on Day 14
LD 50: > 2000 mg/kg
Result: the notified chemical was of very low acute oral toxicity in
rats
9.4 Overall Assessment of Toxicological Data
The notifier has indicated that Amtrade C15 is classified as a type I hazardous substance.
The acute oral toxicity of the notified polymer is very low (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg). Polymers of high
molecular weight and low water solubility do not readily cross biological membranes. It is therefore
assumed that there should be little or no systemic toxicity from the notified polymer.
However, topical effects may be found. Irritant effects to the skin and eyes may occur due to the
formation of hydroxide ions from dissociation of water in contact with the notified polymer, as a
result of the pKa of approximately 11.
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The imported product containing the notified chemical also contains approximately 3 % (w/w) of the
lower molecular weight amine, m-XDA as a manufacturing impurity. This chemical is corrosive and a
skin sensitiser (American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists, 1998). The polymer
therefore is classified as irritant, with risk of serious eye damage, and a skin sensitiser as the m-XDA
concentration exceeds the threshold of 1 % for classification as a sensitiser (National Occupational
Health and Safety Commission, 1999a).
10. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
The notifier has presented results from acute toxicity tests on Daphnia magna (Wetton,
1998). The notified polymer was reported to be non toxic to Daphnia magna when mixed to
its maximum solubility in water. As the polymer resin was found to be insoluble in water and
auxiliary solvents and surfactants, it was decided to perform the test using a Water
Accommodated Fraction (WAF) which may contain dissolved test material and/or leachates
from the test material. The reported 48-hr EC50, based on nominal test concentrations, was
greater than 100mg/L (WAF).
The study report states that it was not possible to develop an acceptable analytical method
for detection of the test substance in water because of poor chromatography and unacceptable
recoveries. Because test concentrations of the polymer in water were not provided, and
because replicated tests showed large variations in Total Organic Carbon (TOC), the data
must be considered to be of limited value.
11. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD
It is expected that at least 2700 kg/year (54 %) of the notified polymer will be disposed of to
landfill or incinerated. It is anticipated that much of this will be in the cross linked or resin
form. In these forms, the notified polymer offers minimal foreseeable environmental risk.
The polymer solution is predicted to be miscible with water due to the presence of 1-
methoxy-2-propanol, which is very water soluble. The polymer resin also contains
approximately 10% 1,3-benzenedimethanamine. Amines are rapidly and easily taken up by
organisms and are therefore considered to be compounds of environmental concern (Manahan,
1993). Consequently, the polymer solution may present a hazard if accidentally released to
the aquatic compartment.
In light of the mobility and expected toxicity of the polymer solution components, accidental
spills should be prevented from entering sewers and waterways. The MSDS provides
adequate instructions for this in the event of accidental spillage.
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12. ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY
EFFECTS
The acute oral toxicity of the tested component of the notified chemical is low. No additional
toxicology studies were provided. Given the high pH of the notified polymer, it can be concluded
that it will be a skin irritant and may cause serious eye damage. The imported material, Amtrade C15,
also contains up to 3 % of 1,3-benzenedimethanamine (m-XDA) as a consequence of the
manufacturing process. This chemical is corrosive, a respiratory irritant and a skin sensitiser. The risk
phrases R37/38 `Irritating to respiratory system and skin', R41 `Risk of serious eye damage' and
R43 `May cause sensitisation by skin contact' are therefore required for the product.
The product is scheduled as a poison (S5, Liquid epoxy resin) under SUSDP. It is a Class 3
dangerous good (flammable liquid).
The notified chemical may be recommended to the National Occupational Health and Safety
Commission for consideration for inclusion in the NOHSC List of Designated Hazardous Substances.
Occupational Health and Safety
Considering the high acute hazard associated with the notified chemical, stringent measures to
prevent occupational exposure are required. The occupational health and safety data provided with
this notification indicated that this will be the case. The equipment used for mixing and applying the
epoxy resin will be completely enclosed and automated. The resin mixture will remain in the enclosed
system until it is heat treated to effect crosslinking, which will immobilise the notified chemical as
part of the resin matrix. The most significant exposure is therefore likely to occur during drum
connection and disconnection, and during cleaning and maintenance of equipment, where skin
contamination may occur. The m-XDA contained in the mixture of reaction products may also pose
an inhalation hazard.
The production area is stated to have local and general ventilation to remove any solvent vapours
which may escape. The notifier states that plant operators will be required to wear impervious
gloves, coveralls, suitable respirator and eye protection during connection and disconnection of
containers to transfer lines and during cleaning and maintenance of equipment.
Therefore the risk of adverse health effects arising from exposure to the notified chemical are confined
to possible skin irritation and sensitisation and eye irritation during operations outside the main
process, which is fully enclosed. Due to the toxic nature of the notified chemical, brief exposures may
be harmful.
The imported product also contains m-XDA as a major constituent. This chemical has a low NOHSC
exposure standard (0.1 mg/m3 peak limitation) with skin notation (National Occupational Health and
Safety Commission, 1995). Stringent precautions are required to minimise exposure to the product
Amtrade C15.
The impurity m-XDA is included on the NOHSC List of Designated Hazardous Substances
(National Occupational Health and Safety Commission, 1999b), with no risk phrases or cutoffs
included. It is also listed on the NOHSC Exposure Standards for Atmospheric Contaminants
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(National Occupational Health and Safety Commission, 1995). It is proposed that m-XDA be
classified for health effects on the List of Designated Hazardous Substances. The solvent 1-methoxy-
2-propanol is also listed on the NOHSC Exposure Standards for Atmospheric Contaminants. It is
proposed that it be considered for listing on the List of Designated Hazardous Substances.
Workers other than the production workers applying the resin are not expected to be exposed to the
notified chemical, as it will be imported and transferred to the site where it is used in sealed
containers, and will not be generally available. It will not be available for retail sale.
Public Health
There is negligible potential for public exposure to the notified chemical arising from its use as a
curing agent as part of epoxy coatings applied to plastic surfaces. There will be public contact with
the notified chemical when incorporated into products, but since the notified chemical is an integral
part of the epoxy matrix, no significant exposure should occur, and the pattern of exposure will be
intermittent. It is therefore considered that the notified chemical will not pose a significant hazard to
public health.
13. RECOMMENDATIONS
To minimise occupational exposure to 1,3-benzenedimethanamine, N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-
(oxiranylmethyl)-, polymer with 1,3-benzenedimethanamine the following guidelines and precautions
should be observed:
The notified chemical should only applied in a completely enclosed system;
?br>
Safety goggles should be selected and fitted in accordance with Australian Standard (AS) 1336
?br>
(Standards Australia, 1994) to comply with Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZS)
1337 (Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand, 1992); industrial clothing should conform
to the specifications detailed in AS 2919 (Standards Australia, 1987) and AS 3765.1
(Standards Australia, 1990); impermeable gloves should conform to AS/NZS 2161.2
(Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand, 1998); all occupational footwear should
conform to AS/NZS 2210 (Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand, 1994);
Spillage of the notified chemical should be avoided. Spillages should be cleaned up promptly
?br>
with absorbents which should be put into containers for disposal;
Good personal hygiene should be practised to minimise the potential for ingestion;
?br>
A copy of the MSDS should be easily accessible to employees.
?br>
The following regulatory action is recommended:
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Nomination of the notified chemical to the National Occupational Health and Safety
?br>
Commission for consideration for inclusion in the NOHSC List of Designated Hazardous
Substances.
Consideration of m-XDA and the solvent 1-methoxy-2-propanol by the National
?br>
Occupational Health and Safety Commission for hazardous substances health effects
classification.
If the conditions of use are varied from the notified use, greater exposure of the public may occur. In
such circumstances, secondary notification may be required to assess the hazards to public health.
14. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
The MSDS for the notified chemical was provided in a format consistent with the National
Code of Practice for the Preparation of Material Safety Data Sheets (National Occupational
Health and Safety Commission, 1994).
This MSDS was provided by the applicant as part of the notification statement. It is
reproduced here as a matter of public record. The accuracy of this information remains the
responsibility of the applicant.
15. REQUIREMENTS FOR SECONDARY NOTIFICATION
Under the Act, secondary notification of the notified chemical shall be required if any of the
circumstances stipulated under subsection 64(2) of the Act arise. No other specific
conditions are prescribed.
16. REFERENCES
Advanced Chemical Developments (1999). Physico-chemical Laboratory.
Allen DJ (1998) PMN 2365: Acute Oral Toxicity (Limit Test) in the Rat, Project No. 1014/066,
Safepharm Laboratories Ltd, Derby, UK.
American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (1998). TLVs and Other Occupational
Exposure Values.
Connell D. W. (1989) General characteristics of organic compounds which exhibit bioaccumulation.
In Connell D. W., (Ed) Bioaccumulation of Xenobiotic Compounds. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
Manahan, S. E. (1993). Toxicological Chemistry (Chapter 21). In: Fundamentals of Environmental
Chemistry. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, USA.
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NA/723
National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (1999a) Approved Criteria for Classifying
Hazardous Substances [NOHSC:1008(1999)]. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (1999b) List of Designated Hazardous
Substances [NOHSC:10005(1999)]. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (1999c) 1,3-benzenedimethaneamine,
N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(oxiranylmethyl)-, Full Public Report, Project No. NA/667, Sydney.
National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (1995) Adopted National Exposure Standards
for Atmospheric Contaminants in the Occupational Environment, [NOHSC:1003(1995)]. Australian
Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (1994) National Code of Practice for the
Preparation of Material Safety Data Sheets [NOHSC:2011(1994)]. Australian Government
Publishing Service, Canberra.
Standards Australia (1987) Australian Standard 2919-1987, Industrial Clothing. Standards
Association of Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia (1990) Australian Standard 3765.1-1990, Clothing for Protection against
Hazardous Chemicals Part 1 Protection against General or Specific Chemicals. Standards Association
of Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia (1994) Australian Standard 1336-1994, Eye protection in the Industrial
Environment. Standards Association of Australia, Sydney.
Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand (1992) Australian/New Zealand Standard 1337-1992,
Eye Protectors for Industrial Applications. Standards Association of Australia/Standards Association
of New Zealand, Sydney/Wellington.
Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand (1994) Australian/New Zealand Standard 2210-1994,
Occupational Protective Footwear. Standards Association of Australia/Standards Association of New
Zealand, Sydney/Wellington.
Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand (1998) Australian/New Zealand Standard 2161.2-1998,
Occupational protective gloves, Part 2: General requirements. Standards Association of Australia,
Sydney.
Wetton PM (1998) PMN 2365: Acute Toxicity to Daphnia magna, Project No. 1014/067,
Safepharm Laboratories Ltd, Derby, UK.
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