JonrezHC-910
File No: PLC/39
Date: November 1996
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS NOTIFICATION
AND ASSESSMENT SCHEME
FULL PUBLIC REPORT
JONREZ HC-910
T h i s Assessment has been compiled in accordance with the provisions of the
Industrial Chemicals (Notification and Assessment) Act 1989 (the Act), and
R e g u l a t i o n s . This legislation is an Act of the Commonwealth of Australia. The
National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme (NICNAS) is
administered by Worksafe Australia which also conducts the occupational health &
safety assessment. The assessment of environmental hazard is conducted by the
Commonwealth Environment Protection Agency and the assessment of public
health is conducted by the Department of Health and Family Services.
For the purposes of subsection 78(1) of the Act, copies of this full public report may
be inspected by the public at the Library, Worksafe Australia, 92-94 Parramatta
Road, Camperdown NSW 2050, between the hours of 8.30 a.m. and 5.00 p.m.
each week day except Thursday when opening is extended to 8.30 p.m. The library
is not open on public holidays.
Under subsection 34(2) of the Act the Director of Chemicals Notification and
Assessment is to publish this Report in the Chemical Gazette on November 5
1996.
Enquiries contact Chemical Assessment on (02) 565 9464:
Street Address: 92 Parramatta Rd Camperdown, NSW 2050, AUSTRALIA
Postal Address: GPO Box 58, Sydney 2001, AUSTRALIA
Telephone: (61) (02) 577-9466 FAX (61) (02) 577-9465
Director
Chemicals Notification and Assessment
PLC/39
FULL PUBLIC REPORT
JONREZ HC-910
1. APPLICANT
Westvaco Pacific Pty Ltd of Suite 2, 6th Floor - Charlton House - 20 Alfred Street
MILSONS POINT NSW 2061 has submitted a notification statement in support of
their application for assessment of a synthetic polymer of low concern,
Jonrez?HC-910.
2. IDENTITY OF THE POLYMER
Chemical Name: fatty acids, tall-oil, polymer with glycerol, light
steam-cracked petroleum naphtha C5 fraction
oligomer conc., maleic anhydride, pentaerythritol,
rosin, steam-cracked petroleum distillates C8-12
fraction and tall oil
Other Name: Rosin Modified Hydrocarbon Resin
Chemical Abstracts Service
(CAS) Registry No.: 175779-57-4
Trade Name: Jonrez瓾C-910
Molecular Formula: (C155H219O21)x
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 2
Structural Formula:
O
O
O
O
C O
O
O
O
O CH2
CH2
C
C CH2C C CH2CH HCH2C C CH2C C17
H35C17
H35
CH2
CH2
O
O
O C
C O
CHCH2CCH
CHCH2CCH
CH2
CH2
Molecular Weight (NAMW): 44 645
Maximum Percentage of Low
Molecular Weight Species
(polymers and oligomers)
. (molecular weight < 1 000): < 1%
. (molecular weight < 500): < 0.5%
Table 1: Polymer Constituents
Constituent CAS No. % Weight
rosin 8050-09-7 31.0
maleic anhydride 108-31-6 6.0
tall oil 8002-26-4 2.0
pentaerythritol 115-77-5 7.0
glycerine 56-81-5 1.0
tall oil fatty acid 61790-12-3 4.0
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 3
C8 - C12 steam-cracked 68477-54-3 14.4
naptha
naptha (petroleum), light
steam-cracked, C5
fraction, oligomer
concentration 30525-89-4 34.5
magnesium oxide 1309-48-4 0.1
Means of identification: the polymer can be separated by gel permeation
chromatography and identified by low angle laser
light scattering detection (LALLS) method and
infrared spectroscopy
3. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Appearance at 20癈
and 101.3 kPa: amber resin solid
Odour: slight aromatic
Melting Point: ~160癈
1009 kg/m3
Density:
Water Solubility: < 1 mg/L at 20癈
Flammability Limits: not determined
Autoignition Temperature: not determined
Explosive Properties: the possibility of a dust explosion (similar to grain
explosion) is always present with organic dusts.
This possibility arises when a build up static
charge occurs, usually during pouring of the
product, in the presence of an ignition source.
Proper grounding techniques need to be
utilized to prevent dry particles building up
electrostatic charge. However, the large particle
size may reduce the likelihood of a dust
explosion. The emulsion form is unlikely to
have explosive properties
Reactivity: may undergo a slow surface oxidation over
extended periods of time, if proper storage
conditions are not maintained
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 4
Particle Size Distribution:in solid form < 1% of particles having an
aerodynamic diameter < 70 祄
Comments on physico-chemical properties
The water solubility result is based on partition coefficient testing conducted using
a related chemical, JONREZ?HC-901. This compound differs from the notified
substance in that the bisphenol A and paraformaldehyde (in the 901 formulation)
are replace by tall oil, glycerine and tall oil fatty acid (in the 910 formulation).
JONREZ?HC-901 was found to be insoluble in octanol at levels of 1 mg/mL, and
therefore no further testing was conducted. No polymer could be detected in the
water solution and the notifier has provided information to indicate that the lower
detection limit for the analysis conducted was less than 1 ppm. JONREZ?HC-910
is soluble in many organic solvents and oils.
The notified polymer does not contain any positively or negatively charged groups
or groups that are likely to react. However, there are a number of carbon-carbon
double bonds that will allow slow surface oxidation. Such oxidation is expected to
be eliminated through proper storage conditions.
4. PURITY OF THE CHEMICAL
Table 2: Maximum weight-percentage of residual monomers and impurities
Impurity CAS No. % Weight
rosin 8050-09-7 < 2%
5. INDUSTRIAL USE, VOLUME & FORMULATION
The notified polymer will be imported in the pure form. The polymer is a
component in lithographic printing ink, primarily used to print newspapers and
magazines. It is targeted at the printing industry as an occupationally and
environmentally less hazardous chemical. The import volumes will be dependent
on market penetration and the following estimates are approximately 20 000 to 40
000 kg per year over the next five years.
The product will be imported from USA and converted into a lithographic varnish
and then sold to ink makers to produce the desired colour for printing.
The notified polymer is approved under the US EPA Polymer Exemption, and has
been notified in Canada as a Low Concern Polymer. The analog product,
Jonrez?HC-901 has been on the US market for five years and the Canadian
market for two years.
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 5
6. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
The notified polymer is to be imported in 500 kg bulk bags, and transported on
pallets to formulating sites and normally stored in sealed bags in cool
surroundings (< 26癈). The occupational exposure during transport and storage
will be limited to accidental spillage only.
At each site, the polymer will initially be mixed with oils and other additives to
produce a lithographic varnish, or with further addition of pigments, to produce
coloured inks in a blend tank. From here onwards the entire blending process is
automated, enclosed and fitted with local exhaust ventilation containing fabric
filters to collect dust. At each site, only one worker will be exposed to the pure
notified polymer and formulation (25% of notified polymer) at the rate of 15
minutes/batch for 8.75 hr/year. A quality control analyst, will also be exposed to the
ink product at the rate of 30 minutes/batch for 17.5 hr/year. Inks are packed into
drums following blending, and transported either to storage tanks, or direct to
printing presses. During lithographic printing, ink tanks or drums are hooked
directly onto the printing presses. Ink is squeezed directly onto the printed paper,
and small amounts are released carried in evaporated solvent fumes which are
normally trapped by scrubber fans.
Three forms of exposure are likely during the use of the notified polymer: dust
resulting from emptying of bags during feeding the polymer; spillage of product
that may occur during loading of the blending tank; and spills of formulated inks
and blend tank cleaning waters. The dust collected by fabric filters and spills
during feeding procedures are recycled into subsequent batches, or sent to
landfill.
7. PUBLIC EXPOSURE
There is negligible potential for public exposure to the notified polymer during ink
formulation or printing operations.
There will be widespread public contact with the notified polymer on printed paper.
However, at this stage the polymer will exist in the form of an inert, insoluble
coating. Waste printed paper will be either disposed of to landfill as garbage,
incinerated, or recycled. No data were provided on the likely behaviour of the
notified polymer during recycling. The polymer is expected to survive paper
recycling processes and remain bound to the pulp or become associated with the
sludge. In the latter case, the polymer would be consigned to landfill, where it is
expected to remain intact, or be destroyed by incineration.
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 6
8. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
. Release
The notifier has supplied information regarding release during the varnish/ink
formulation and blending process. Three forms of release are considered likely:
spillage of product that may occur during loading of the blending tank; dust
resulting from emptying of bags during feeding; and spills of formulated inks and
blend tank cleaning waters. Spills during feeding procedures, and dust collected
by fabric filters will be recycled into subsequent batches (the preferred procedure),
or sent to landfill. Tank washout waters are recycled several times, and are
eventually sent to wastewater treatment, but the notifier also states that some of
these waters may not be contained and may be washed into drains, and thence to
wastewater facilities.
Estimated amounts of the substance to be released from these three sources are
2 kg, 0.5 kg and 0.1 kg per batch for source 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The notifier
has not indicated how many batches are to be produced each year, but assuming
that a typical batch will be 2 300 kg, and that a total volume of 40 000 kg per annum
will be imported, it is anticipated that up to 18 batches per year may be produced.
Therefore, it is possible that up to 47 kg may be disposed of in landfills each year.
Losses are also expected from the cleaning of blending tanks, transfer lines and
tubing. The notifier states that approximately 7 litres of ink is expected to remain in
tanks and tubing, which is equivalent to 7.2 kg of ink, or 1.8 kg JONREZ?HC-910.
Blend tanks are cleaned with petroleum solvent at the end of each production run,
with washing 韘 recycled as part of the petroleum solvent for subsequent batches.
If the solvent cannot be recycled, incineration is the recommended disposal route.
Losses from printing works are expected to be minimal. Lithographic printing is
claimed to be an efficient process, as ink tanks are hooked directly onto the
printing presses, reducing the number and amount of possible spills. Ink is
squeezed directly onto the printed paper, and small amounts are released carried
in evaporated solvent fumes. It is anticipated that these fumes would be collected
by scrubber fans. Waste ink will also come from paper printed at the start and
finish of printing runs, as start up/finishing wastes, and from paper towels that are
used to clean up press rolls and ink troughs at the completion of printing runs.
Waste paper is to be disposed of as solid waste or recycled according to the
particular procedures followed at the printing works, while paper towels are to be
collected and disposed of by incineration (as will solvents). The notifier states that
of 500 kg ink used in a printing run, approximately 10 kg will end up as waste, with
8 kg of ink on waste paper, and 2 kg of ink on paper towels after cleaning. Thus,
approximately 2 kg of the notified substance will be either disposed of to landfill or
recycled on the waste printed paper, and approximately 0.5 kg will be disposed of
by incineration. Disposal of spilt inks, and of emptied bags, from printing works will
depend on the particular ink blend.
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 7
Burning of printed materials, or of emptied packaging in landfills may release
carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and other vapours. Burning of emptied
packaging should be avoided.
. Fate
JONREZ?HC-910 is not expected to biodegrade, and due to its high molecular
weight should not bioaccumulate. Testing of a related substance, JONREZ?HC-
901, also indicated minimal biodegradation occurred during the Bartha-Pramer
Biometric test conducted. This test (conducted according to GLP procedures) is an
in-vitro evaluation of evolved CO2, and used two JONREZ?HC-901 loadings (1000
mg and 500 mg) in soil boxes, kept at 20oC for 90 days in the dark. The soils used
were maintained at > 85% relative humidity, and were amended to 3.35% carbon
by the addition of leaf mulch. In addition, an inoculum of 5 micro-organism species
was also added to the soils. Evolved CO2 was measured weekly, or more
frequently if necessary. Bartha-Pramer flasks were used as the biometers.
Evolution of CO2 was compared to that from control flasks, where filter paper was
used as a substrate for degradation. Degradation rates for the two levels of
treatment averaged 0.2 - 0.3% a week for the 13 weeks of testing, with overall
degradation values of 2 - 4%. By contrast, the control samples degraded
approximately 18% over the 13 weeks of the study. A follow up study, to determine
whether the carbon had been converted to forms other than gaseous CO2 (such
as total organic carbon in the soil) found that while the control sample showed
degradation of 65.2%, the two treatment levels showed 44.4% and 0%
respectively, and therefore it was concluded that degradation via another route was
not likely.
Paper recycling is a growing industry in Australia. Waste paper is repulped using a
variety of alkalis, dispersing agents, wetting agents, water emulsifiable organic
solvents and bleaching agents. These chemicals enhance the fibre separation, ink
detachment from the fibres, pulp brightness and the whiteness of the paper. After
pulping, the contaminants and the ink are separated from the fibres by pumping
the stock through various heat washing, screening, cleaning, flotation and
dispersion stages. The notifier has provided no data on the likely behaviour of the
polymer during the recycling process. The hydrolysis of ester linkages under
alkaline conditions will be minimal due to the low solubility of the polymer. The
polymer therefore is likely to survive the paper recycling conditions, either
remaining bound to the pulp or becoming associated with the sludge. In the latter
case, the polymer will arrive in landfill where it can be expected to remain intact, or
be destroyed through incineration.
As the notified substance is expected to be insoluble, when placed in landfill it is
not expected to leach. Should a spill of the polymer in varnish form occur to
waterways or drains, it is anticipated that it will settle onto sediments. Spilt inks
should be dyked and collected for either recycling or disposal.
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 8
9. EVALUATION OF TOXICOLOGICAL DATA
The Act does not require the provision of toxicological data for polymers of low
concern category. However, the following studies on acute oral toxicity, skin and
eye irritation done on the analog Jonrez?901 is provided.
9.1 Acute Toxicity
Summary of the acute toxicity of Jonrez 901
Test Species Outcome Reference
acute oral toxicity rat LD 50 > 5000 mg/kg (1)
skin irritation rabbit non-irritant (3)
eye sensitisation guinea pig non-sensitiser (4)
9.1.1 Oral Toxicity (1)
Species/strain: Sprague Dawley rats
Number/sex of animals: 5/sex
Observation period: 14 days
Method of administration: given orally by gavage
Clinical observations: no abnormalities were observed
Mortality: no deaths
Morphological findings: no abnormalities were noted at necropsy
Test method: based on OECD Guidelines for Testing of
Chemicals (2)
LD 50: > 5000 mg/kg
Result: low oral toxicity in the rat
9.1.2 Skin Irritation (3)
Species/strain: Rabbit/New Zealand White
Number/sex of animals: 3/sex
Observation period: three days at 24 hour intervals
Method of administration: 0.5 g moistened with physiological saline
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 9
Test method: OECE Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals (2)
Result: non-irritant to rabbit skin
9.1.2 Eye Irritation (4)
Species/strain: New Zealand White Rabbits
Number/sex of animals: 3/sex
Observation period: three days at 24 hour intervals
Method of administration: 0.1 ml of the notified polymer instilled in the
conjunctival sac of the left eye
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 10
Draize scores (5) of unirrigated eyes:
Time after instillation
Animal 1 hour 1 days 2 days 3 days 4 days
oa ab oa ab oa ab oa ab oa ab
Cornea
01
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - -
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - -
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - -
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - -
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - -
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - -
Iris
1 0 0 0 0 -
2 0 0 0 0 -
3 0 0 0 0 -
4 0 0 0 0 -
5 0 0 0 0 -
6 0 0 0 0 -
c d e c d e c d e c d e c
cd de
Conjunctiva r c d r c d r c d r c d r
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - -
2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - -
3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - -
4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - -
5 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 - - - - - -
6 220 110 00 0 - - - - - -
1
see Attachment 1 for Draize scales
a
opacity b area c redness d chemosis e
discharge
Test method: based on OECD Guidelines for Testing of
Chemicals (2)
Result: slight irritant to the rabbit eye
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 11
9.2 Overall Assessment of Toxicological Data
Based on studies done on a compositionally similar chemical, the notified
chemical may exhibit low acute oral (LD50 > 5 000 mg/kg) toxicity in rats, no
skin irritation in rabbits and slight eye irritation in rabbits.
On the basis of submitted analog data, it may be assumed that the notified
chemical will not be classified as hazardous in accordance with Approved
Criteria for Classifying Hazardous Substances (Approved Criteria) in relation
to acute oral toxicity and skin and eye irritation
10. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
No ecotoxicological data were supplied for this resin, which is acceptable for a
polymer of low concern. Due to the high molecular weight of the notified
substance, it is not expected to cross biological membranes.
This was confirmed via toxicity testing conducted for the related compound,
JONREZ?HC-901, demonstrated no toxic effects to mammals, Daphnia, fish or
algae. A summary of the tests conducted, and the relevant toxicity levels are shown
in the table below.
Test Species Concentrations Result
Used
96 hour acute Fathead minnow, 0, 10 000 ppm LC50 > 10 000 ppm
toxicity (static, Pimephales
no mortality recorded
non-renewal) promelas
48 hour acute Water flea, 0, 10 000 ppm LC50 > 10 000 ppm
toxicity (static, Daphnia magna
no mortality recorded
non-renewal)
96 hour acute Algae, 0, 1, 10, 100 and > 10 000 ppm w/v
toxicity - algal Selenastrum
10 000 ppm no algicidal/inhibitory
growth (static, capricornutum
effects recorded
non-renewal)
In all tests, the test substance was insoluble, and floated on the surface or sank to the bottom of
test chambers. A saturated solution was used for all of the toxicity tests.
The above toxicity tests demonstrated JONREZ?HC-901 was non-toxic to the
range of organisms tested up to the levels of its solubility and by analogy, no
ecotoxicological effects are expected for JONREZ?HC-910.
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 12
10. ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD
Disposal of the notified polymer to landfill is unlikely to present a hazard to the
environment, as it unlikely that either the printing varnish or final ink form will be
soluble, and should not leach. Biodegradation to a more soluble form is also
unlikely.
The low total amount of the notified substance to be disposed of to landfill
(approximately 50 kg per annum) is expected to occur in a dispersed manner,
thereby minimising the hazard associated with this means of disposal.
The main environmental hazard would arise through spillage in transport
accidents that may release quantities of the polymer to drains or waterways.
However, the polymer is expected to sink to sediments and remain immobile
pending collection and disposal, due to the expected low solubility of the
substance. Recycling of spilt material will reduce the losses due to spillage. The
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) contains adequate directions for dealing with
such spills.
The polymer is likely to persist in sludge resulting from paper recycling conditions
or to remain bound to the pulp. Should such wastes be placed in landfill, the
polymer is not expected to leach due to its low solubility. Alternatively, incineration
may be used to dispose of these wastes.
The low environmental exposure to the polymer as a result of the proposed use,
together with the expected low environmental toxicity indicate that the overall
environmental hazard should be negligible.
11. ASSESSMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY
EFFECTS
Jonrez?HC-910 has been notified as a synthetic polymer of low concern under
section 23 for the purpose of section 24A of the Act. The polymer meets the criteria
for a synthetic polymer of low concern specified in regulation 4A of the Act and
therefore is considered of low hazard to human health.
The notified polymer has a NAMW > 1000 and, as such, is not expected to cross
biological membranes. Considering the above and the low monomer levels of the
notified polymer any adverse health effects would not be expected to result from
exposure to the polymer. However, based on analog data the notified polymer may
be a slight eye irritant but would not be classified as hazardous according to the
Approved Criteria.
Exposure of workers to the polymer during wharf handling, transportation and
storage is expected to be minimal other than in the event of a spill. Exposure
during formulation is minimised by the use of an automated and enclosed system
with local exhaust ventilation other than during emptying bags containing the
polymer. This may give rise to dust generation. However, particle size range of
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 13
the notified polymer has a low percentage of particles considered to be inspirable
(< 1% of ,particles having an aerodynamic diameter < 70 祄) and the respirable
fraction is negligible. The applicable standard for workplace exposure is likely to
be that for nuisance dusts (6) this is; TWA 10 mg/m3 for inspirable dusts.
The notified polymer should be stored and used in areas devoid of open flames,
ignition sources and electrical discharges to prevent any possible dust explosions
which might occur due to build up of static charges.
Small amounts of ink containing the notified polymer that may be released when
ink is squeezed directly onto the printed paper will be carried with solvent fumes
and collected by scrubber fans. Hence, exposure from the printing works are
expected to minimal.
There is no significant occupational health risk from use of the notified chemical,
however other ingredients (petroleum distilled solvents) which can be hazardous
may pose health risks.
There is negligible potential for public exposure to the notified polymer arising from
ink formulation and printing processes. There will be widespread public contact
with the notified polymer on the surface of the printed paper, but its adhesion to
the
substrate and physico-chemical properties will be sufficient to preclude
absorption
across the skin or other biological membranes. Based on its use pattern and
physico-chemical characteristics, it is considered that the notified polymer will not
pose a significant hazard to public health.
12. RECOMMENDATIONS
To minimise occupational exposure to Jonrez瓾C-910 the following guidelines
and precautions should be observed during the use of adhesives containing the
notified polymer:
? Safe practices, for handling any chemical formulation, should be adhered to
- these include:
- m i n i m i s i n g spills and splashes;
- practising good personal hygiene; and
- practising good housekeeping and maintenance including
bunding of large spills which should be cleaned up promptly
with absorbents and put into containers for disposal.
It is expected that, in the industrial environment, protective clothing
conforming to and used in accordance with Australian Standard (AS) 2919
(7) and protective footwear conforming to Australian/New Zealand Standard
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 14
(AS/NZS) 2210 (8) should be worn as a matter of course. In addition it is
advisable when handling the product containing the notified polymer to wear
chemical-type goggles (selected and fitted according to AS1336 (9) and
meeting the requirements of AS/NZS 1337 (10)), impermeable gloves (AS
2161) (11) should be worn to protect against unforseen circumstances. In
printing, If adequate engineering controls are not in place appropriate
respiratory device should be selected and used in accordance with
AS/NZS1715 (12) and should conform to AS/NZS 1716 (13).
? Proper grounding techniques should be utilised to reduce any possibility of
a dust explosion.
? A copy of the MSDS should be easily accessible to employees.
13. MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
The attached MSDS for the notified chemical was provided in suitable format (14).
This MSDS was provided by Westvaco Pacific Pty Ltd as part of the notification
statement. It is reproduced here as a matter of public record. The accuracy of this
information remains the responsibility of the applicant.
14. REQUIREMENTS FOR SECONDARY NOTIFICATION
Under the Act, secondary notification of the notified chemical shall be required if
any of the circumstances stipulated under subsection 64(2) of the Act arise. No
other specific conditions are prescribed.
15. REFERENCES
1. Acute Oral Toxicity Study in Albino Rats with Jonrez HC-901, data on file,
United States Testing Co., Biological Service Division, Hoboken, NJ, USA,
1990.
2. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD
Guidelines for Testing of chemicals, OECD, Paris, France
3. Primary Dermal Irritation Study in Albino Rabbits with Jonrez HC-901, data
on file, United States Testing Co., Biological Service Division, Hoboken, NJ,
USA, 1990.
4. Primary Eye Irritation Study in Albino Rabbits with Jonrez HC-901, data on
file, United States Testing Co., Biological Service Division, Hoboken, NJ,
USA, 1990.
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 15
5. Draize J H, 1959. Appraisal of the safety of chemicals in food, drugs and
cosmetics. Association of Food and Drug Officials of the US, 49
6. National Occupational Health and Safety Commission 1995, `Adopted
National Exposure Standards for Atmospheric Contaminants in the
Occupational Environment', [NOHSC: 1003(1995)], in Exposure Standards
for Atmospheric Contaminants in the Occupational Environment: Guidance
Note and National Exposure Standards, Australian Government Publishing
Service Publ., Canberra.
7. Standards Australia, 1987, Australian Standard 2919 - 1987 Industrial
Clothing, Standards Association of Australia Publ., Sydney, Australia.
8. Standards Australia, Standards New Zealand 1994, Australian/ New
Zealand Standard 2210 - 1994 Occupational Protective Footwear, Part 1:
Guide to Selection, Care and Use. Part 2: Specifications, Standards
Association of Australia Publ., Sydney, Australia, Standards Association of
New Zealand Publ. Wellington, New Zealand.
9. Australian Standard 1336-1982, Recommended Practices for Eye Protection
in the Industrial Environment, Standards Association of Australia Publ.,
Sydney, 1982.
10. Australian Standard 1337-1984. Eye Protectors for Industrial Applications,
Standards Association of Australia Publ., Sydney, 1984.
11. Australian Standard 2161-1978. Industrial Safety Gloves and Mittens
(excluding Electrical and Medical Gloves), Standards Association of
Australia Publ., Sydney, 1978.
12. Standards Australia, Standards New Zealand, 1994. Australian/New
Zealand Standard 1715 - 1994 Selection, Use and Maintenance of
Respiratory Protective Devices. Standards Association of Australia Publ.,
Sydney, Australia, Standards Association of New Zealand Publ., Wellington,
New Zealand.
13. Standards Australia/ Standards New Zealand, 1991. Australian/New
Zealand Standard 1716 - 1991 Respiratory Protective Devices. Standards
Association of Australia Publ., Sydney, Australia.
14. National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (1994). National
Code of Practice for the Completion of Material Safety Data Sheets,
[NOHSC:2011(1994)], AGPS, Canberra.
FULL PUBLIC REPORT 16
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