Chemical Hygiene
Plan
Michigan State University
Office of Radiation, Chemical and Biological Safety
C-124 Research Complex璄ngineering
East Lansing, Michigan 48824
517-355-0153
June 2009
Michigan State University
Chemical Hygiene Plan
Table of Contents
SECTION PAGE
1.0 Scope 1
1.1 Michigan State University Statement of Responsibility 1
1.2 The MIOSHA Laboratory Standard 1
1.3 Scope and Application 1
1.4 Hazardous Chemical Definitions 2
1.5 Responsibility 3
1.6 Employee Rights 4
1.7 Availability 4
1.8 Annual Review 4
1.9 Employee Information and Training 5
1.10 Record Keeping 6
2.0 Standard Operating Procedures 6
2.1 General Safety Principles 6
2.2 Health and Hygiene 7
2.3 Food and Drink in the Laboratory 7
2.4 Housekeeping 7
2.5 Chemical Handling and Storage 8
2.6 Transporting of Chemicals 8
2.7 Compressed Gases 8
2.8 Unattended Operations 9
2.9 Working Alone 9
2.10 Storage and Disposal of Hazardous Waste 9
3.0 Standard Laboratory Safe Handling/Storage Requirements 9
3.1 Hazard Identification 9
3.2 Hazards Subject to Prior Approval 10
3.3 Chemicals Developed in the Laboratory 10
3.4 Labeling 10
3.4.1 Container Labels 10
3.4.2 Waste Containers 11
3.5 Provisions for Particularly Hazardous Substances 11
3.5.1 Permissible Exposure Limits 11
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3.5.2 Employee Exposure Determination 12
3.5.3 Special Considerations 12
3.6 Physical Hazards 13
3.6.1 Flammable/Combustible Material 13
3.6.2 Corrosives 14
3.6.3 Oxidizers 14
3.6.4 Water Reactive Materials 14
3.6.5 Pyrophoric Materials 14
3.6.6 Peroxidizable Chemicals 14
3.6.7 Light-Sensitive Materials 15
3.6.8 Unstable Materials 15
3.6.9 Cryogens 15
3.7 Radioactive Material Hazards 16
3.8 Biological Material Hazards 16
4.0 Emergency/Medical Procedures 16
4.1 Basic Steps for Emergency and Spill Response 16
4.1.1 Emergency Situation - Fire 17
4.1.2 Emergency Situation - Spill 17
4.1.3 Mercury Spill 17
4.1.4 Spill Kits 18
4.1.5 Non-Emergency Situation - Spill 18
4.1.6 Power Outages 19
4.2 Injury and Illness 19
4.3 Medical Consultations and Examinations 20
5.0 Standard Laboratory Facility Requirements 21
5.1 Signs and Information 21
5.1.1 Material Safety Data Sheets 21
5.1.2 Generic Signs 21
5.1.3 Restricted Access and Designated Areas 22
5.1.4 Storage Areas 22
5.2 Control Measures 22
5.3 Personal Protective and Safety Equipment 23
5.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment 24
5.3.2 Safety Equipment 25
5.4 Ventilation Controls 26
5.5 Spill Kits 28
6.0 Standard Repair/Close-Out/Decommissioning Procedures 28
6.1 Decontamination of Equipment 28
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Michigan State University
Chemical Hygiene Plan
Appendices
APPENDIX PAGE
Appendix A
MSU Chemical Hygiene Plan Awareness Certification 29
Appendix B
Material Safety Data Sheet Request Form 30
Appendix C
Incompatibility of Common Laboratory Chemicals 31
Appendix D
Common Laboratory Flammable and Combustible Chemicals 33
Appendix E
Flammable and Combustible Liquid Containment and Storage Requirements 34
Appendix F
Common Laboratory Corrosives 36
Appendix G
Common Laboratory Oxidizers 37
Appendix H
Common Peroxide Forming Chemicals 38
Protocol for Detection and Inhibition of Peroxides 41
Appendix I
Shock Sensitive and Explosive Chemicals 42
Appendix J
Carcinogen List 43
Appendix K
PELs and TLVs for Particularly Hazardous Substances 50
Appendix L
Hazardous Materials Subject to Prior Approval from the ORCBS 76
Appendix M
Medical Consultation and Examination Forms 77
Exposure to Health Risks 77
Authorization to Invoice MSU 77
Lansing Area Map 77
Report of Claimed Occupational Injury or Illness 77
Appendix N
Chemical Safety Laboratory Checklist 78
Appendix O
Policy for Termination of Laboratory and Containment Area Use of Hazardous Materials 79
Appendix P
Equipment Release Form 85
Appendix Q
Industrial Toxicology - Overview 86
Appendix R
Glossary 92
Appendix S
MIOSHA Hazardous Work in Laboratories Standard 99
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1.0 SCOPE
1.1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY STATEMENT OF RESPONSIBILITY
It is the responsibility of Michigan State University, as an employer, to take every reasonable
precaution to provide a work environment that is free from recognizable hazards for its
employees in accordance with the "general duty" clause of the Michigan Occupational, Safety
and Health Act, Section 11(a).
Furthermore, MSU is required by the Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(MIOSHA) Hazardous Work in Laboratories standard (the Laboratory Standard - ?08.1024 of
the Michigan Compiled Laws) to ensure that the necessary work practices, procedures and
policies are implemented to protect all employees working in University owned and operated
laboratories from hazardous chemicals in the work area.
Michigan State University and its employees have the responsibility to be well informed
regarding hazardous chemicals and risks associated with using hazardous chemicals in the
laboratory environment. This document is intended for University-wide compliance with the
MIOSHA Laboratory Standard and will serve as a broad-based Chemical Hygiene Plan for all
University owned and operated laboratories.
1.2 THE MIOSHA LABORATORY STANDARD (adopted by MIOSHA January 1, 1992)
The Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Administration (MIOSHA) has determined that
laboratories typically differ from industrial operations in the use and handling of hazardous
chemicals. A different approach than that found in MIOSHA's substance specific health
standards is warranted to protect workers. The Laboratory Standard applies to all laboratories
that use hazardous chemicals in accordance with the definitions of laboratory use and laboratory
scale provided in this document. Generally, where this standard applies it supersedes the
provisions of all other standards in the MIOSHA Right-to-Know Law and the federal
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard 29
CFR, part 1910.1200, except the obligation to maintain employee exposures at or below the
permissible exposure limits (subpart Z of 1910.1200), prohibition of skin and eye contact where
specified by any OSHA/MIOSHA standard and in other instances where the scope of hazards are
not adequately addressed by this standard.
First Publication Date: May 1, 1995
Revision 1: October 25, 1996
Revision 2: April 20, 1998
Revision 3: July 22, 2002
Revision 4: September 29, 2003
Revision 5: November 22, 2005
Revision 6: April 23, 2007
Revision 7: May, 2008
Revision 8: June, 2009
1.3 SCOPE AND APPLICATION
This document serves as the written guide for MSU compliance to the Laboratory Standard and
the Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) requirements contained therein. All units at Michigan State
University engaged in the laboratory use (as defined by this document) of hazardous chemicals
are required to comply with this document.
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The primary objective of this document is to provide a general guide for handling hazardous
chemicals in laboratories. The Chemical Hygiene Plan establishes the basic safety principles for
laboratory procedures, equipment and work practices that are capable of protecting employees
from physical and health hazards of hazardous chemicals in laboratories.
This document is intended only to highlight those safety measures necessary for achieving a safe
and healthy work environment. Where the scope of hazards are not adequately addressed by this
general document, specific Standard Operating Procedures must be developed by the project
director. This CHP does not, however, apply to:
1. Work involving chemicals that do not meet the conditions of the definition of laboratory
use of hazardous chemicals. In such cases, the employer shall comply with all relevant
specific substance standards even if such use occurs in a laboratory type setting.
2. Work involving the laboratory use of hazardous chemicals that does not have the
potential for employee exposure.
This document will hereafter be known as the Michigan State University Chemical Hygiene Plan
(MSU CHP).
1.4 HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL DEFINITIONS
A hazardous chemical is defined by MIOSHA as any chemical, chemical compound, or mixture
of compounds which is a physical and/or health hazard.
A chemical is a physical hazard by MIOSHA definition if there is scientifically valid evidence
that it is:
? a flammable or combustible liquid
? a compressed gas
? an organic peroxide
? an explosive
? an oxidizer
? a pyrophoric
? an unstable material (reactive)
? a water reactive material
A chemical is a health hazard by MIOSHA definition if there is statistically significant evidence
based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that
acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. Included are:
? allergens ? embryotoxicants
? carcinogens ? toxic or highly toxic agents
? reproductive toxicants ? irritants
? corrosives ? sensitizers
? hepatoxins (liver) ? nephrotoxins (kidneys)
? neurotoxins (nervous system) ? hematopoietic systems agents (blood)
? agents which damage the lungs, skin,
eyes or mucous membranes
Particularly hazardous substances, by MIOSHA definition, are select carcinogens,
reproductive toxicants and chemicals with a high degree of acute and chronic toxicity.
Select carcinogens are chemicals listed by MIOSHA as carcinogens, by the National Toxicology
Program (NTP) as "known to be carcinogens" and by the International Agency for Research on
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Cancer (IARC) as Group 1 carcinogens. Also included are chemicals or processes listed in either
Group 2A or 2B by IARC or under the category "reasonably anticipated to be carcinogens" by
NTP and that cause statistically significant tumor incidence in experimental animals in
accordance with any of the following criteria:
?1. After inhalation exposure of 6-7 hours per day, 5 days per week, for a significant
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portion of a lifetime to dosages of less than 10 mg/m
?2. After repeated skin application of less than 300 mg/kg of body weight per week
?3. After oral dosages of less than 50 mg/kg of body weight per day
MIOSHA; IARC Group 1, 2A, and 2B, as well as the NTP carcinogens, are listed in Appendix J.
Reproductive toxicants are defined by MIOSHA as any chemical which affects the reproductive
capabilities of males or females, including chromosomal damage (mutagenesis) and effects on
fetuses (teratogenesis). Information on reproductive effects will be listed on the MSDS.
Chemicals with a high degree of acute and chronic toxicity are not defined in the Laboratory
Standard. Therefore, the MIOSHA Hazard Communication definition of a highly toxic chemical
will be used. Chemicals with a high degree of acute toxicity are chemicals that have a median
lethal dose (LD50) of 50 milligrams or less per kilogram of body weight when administered
orally to albino rats weighing between 200 and 300 grams each. The LD50 is that dose at which
a lethal response is observed in 50% of the test animals.
The following sources have established lists of hazardous chemicals based on substantiated tests:
1. OSHA, 29 CFR 1910.1200 Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances and Appendices
A and B of OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200 which are referenced in MIOSHA R325.70101(2)
2. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), "Threshold
Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the Work Environment,"
(latest edition)
The hazard(s) of a chemical may also be listed on its container label. Additionally, if the hazard
of a chemical is not evident from the container label, the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
will list the specific hazards. Use the MSDS to address chronic toxicity. For further help in
determining the hazard of a chemical, contact your supervisor, instructor or the ORCBS.
1.5 RESPONSIBILITY
The Office of Radiation, Chemical and Biological Safety. The Office of Radiation, Chemical
and Biological Safety (ORCBS) shall be responsible for assuring University compliance with
State and Federal standards and for preparing any reports, as established in the "Policies,
Procedures and Guidelines for Radiation, Chemical and Biological Safety" document. In this
vein, the ORCBS is responsible for oversight of University compliance with the MIOSHA
Laboratory Standard and the Chemical Hygiene Plan required therein and will develop the
provisions of the Michigan State University Chemical Hygiene Plan.
The Chemical Safety Officer of the ORCBS will serve as the Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO).
The CHO, along with the ORCBS, can assign areas of responsibility to units, project directors,
laboratory supervisors and other individuals as necessary, to implement and carry out the
provisions of the CHP. The CHO will serve on the Chemical Hygiene Subcommittee (CHS).
The CHS will share in responsibility for oversight of the MSU CHP.
The ORCBS, the CHO and the CHS will serve as the on-campus authorities and sources of
information for the MIOSHA Laboratory Standard and the MSU CHP.
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Unit (departments, institutes, schools, outlying field stations, service groups, facilities, etc.).
Unit chief administrative officers are responsible for maintaining a unit safety system, including
identification of a safety officer. They have the responsibility to support and ensure the
enforcement of the MSU CHP and to support the CHO and the CHS in implementing the
provisions of this plan within their respective units.
Project Directors. The legal responsibility for safety and well-being of all personnel in contact
with any university-related activity utilizing radiation, chemical or biological hazards lies with
the project director (P.D.) and the administrative officers responsible at the various university
levels. Specifically, the P.D. is responsible for:
1. Ensuring all employees under his/her supervision have received general chemical
training from the ORCBS.
2. Providing all employees under his/her supervision with site-specific training and
documenting such training.
3. Following appropriate guidelines proscribed in this document.
Employee. Individual laboratory employees are responsible for their own safety. All individuals
performing work with hazardous substances must accept a shared responsibility for operating in a
safe manner once they have been informed about the extent of risk and safe procedures for their
activities. They also have the responsibility to inform their supervisors of accidents and work
practices or working conditions they believe hazardous to their health or to the health of others.
Student. While students are not covered under the provisions of the MIOSHA Laboratory
Standard, students should be made aware of chemical health and safety hazards in classroom
situations and should be provided with information and equipment to protect themselves from
those hazards. Units should provide student training at the beginning of each course in which
hazardous chemicals are used. Specific safety instructions should be provided at the beginning
of each class period.
1.6 EMPLOYEE RIGHTS
It is the employee's right to receive information about the known physical and health hazards of
the hazardous chemicals in their work areas and to receive adequate training to work safely with
these substances.
Employees have the right to work in a safe environment and inform the P.D. or laboratory
supervisor about potential risks in the laboratory.
1.7 AVAILABILITY
The MSU Chemical Hygiene Plan must be readily available to employees and employee
representatives through their P.D., supervisor or departmental office.
Additional copies of this document are available from the ORCBS office and the ORCBS web
site: http://www.orcbs.msu.edu/
1.8 ANNUAL REVIEW
The MSU Chemical Hygiene Plan will be reviewed annually from its effective date by the
Chemical Hygiene Officer and the Chemical Hygiene Subcommittee.
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1.9 EMPLOYEE INFORMATION AND TRAINING
Employees must have access to information and training to ensure that they are apprised of the
hazards of chemicals present in the work area. Such information must be provided at the time of
an employee's initial assignment to a work area where hazardous chemicals are present and prior
to assignment involving new exposure situations. Employees should receive periodic refresher
information and training to ensure that they are aware of the risks of exposure to hazardous
chemicals.
Information. Information provided by the ORCBS/Units/P.D.s/Supervisors to employees must
include:
1. The contents of the MIOSHA Hazardous Work in Laboratories standard.
2. The location and availability of the MSU CHP.
3. The permissible exposure limits for OSHA/MIOSHA regulated substances or published
exposure limits for other hazardous chemicals where there is no applicable
OSHA/MIOSHA standard.
4. Signs and symptoms associated with exposures to hazardous chemicals used in the
laboratory (available on Material Safety Data Sheets).
5. The location and availability of known reference materials on the hazards, safe handling,
storage and disposal of hazardous chemicals found in the laboratory, including, but not
limited to, Material Safety Data Sheets received from the supplier.
All of the above information is available from the ORCBS web site: http://www.orcbs.msu.edu/.
Method of Training. General training will be provided by the ORCBS and may take the form of
individual instruction, group seminars, audiovisual presentations, handout material, or any
combination of the above. Site-specific training will be provided by P.D.s or an appropriate
designee. Please call the ORCBS at 432-SAFE (432-7233) for information about the general
chemical safety course or sign up for a safety course on our web site: http://www.orcbs.msu.edu/.
General awareness training provided by the ORCBS to employees will include:
1. Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a
hazardous chemical (such as monitoring conducted by continuous monitoring devices,
visual appearance or odor of hazardous chemicals when being released, etc.).
2. General physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work area. This must include an
awareness that many factors influence whether a given chemical might constitute a
hazard (e.g. dose, exposure time, genetic background, developmental state, mixtures of
interactions of chemicals, etc.).
3. The measures employees can take to protect themselves from these hazards, including
specific procedures the University or department has implemented to protect employees
from exposure to hazardous chemicals, such as appropriate work practices, emergency
procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used.
4. The applicable details of the MSU CHP.
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Site-specific training provided by Units/P.D.s/Supervisors to employees will include:
1. Site-specific standard operating procedures.
2. Specific physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work area (available on Material
Safety Data Sheets).
Documentation. General awareness training required by the CHP will be documented by the
ORCBS. The training certification form in Appendix A will be filled out by employees at the
time of training. The ORCBS will maintain these training forms. Site-specific training must be
documented and maintained by the unit/P.D./supervisor and be available to representatives of the
ORCBS, the CHO, members of the CHS or other regulatory officials upon request.
1.10 RECORD KEEPING
The ORCBS will retain records of all employees who attend the general chemical safety seminar
and the Laboratory Standard/Chemical Hygiene Plan seminar given by the ORCBS.
It is required that records of specific laboratory training for individual laboratories be retained by
the P.D. in the laboratory or the department.
Accident records for employees should be written and retained within the laboratory or unit.
The amount of time a unit chooses to retain training records is not specified in the Laboratory
Standard. It is recommended by this document that such records be retained for at least one year
after an employee leaves a position. Ideally, training records should be retained indefinitely.
2.0 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES
The ORCBS has developed generic standard operating procedures relevant to safety and health
considerations when laboratory work involves the use of hazardous chemicals. Where the scope
of hazards are not adequately addressed by this general document, units and/or P.D.s must
develop written standard operating procedures for work area specific operations. Standard
operating procedures must be provided to all affected laboratory employees. The Standard
Operating Procedures in this document specify minimum regulations and
recommendations.
Note: "Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories" (National
Research Council, 1981) was used as the basis for the standard operating procedure guidelines.
2.1 GENERAL SAFETY PRINCIPLES
The following guidelines have been established to minimize hazards and to maintain basic safety
in the laboratory.
A. Examine the known hazards associated with the materials being used. Never assume all
hazards have been identified. Carefully read the label before using an unfamiliar
chemical. When appropriate, review the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for special
handling information. Determine the potential hazards and use appropriate safety
precautions before beginning any new operation.
B. Be familiar with the location of emergency equipment - fire alarms, fire extinguishers,
emergency eyewash and shower stations and know the appropriate emergency response
procedures.
C. Avoid distracting or startling other workers when they are handling hazardous chemicals.
D. Use equipment and hazardous chemicals only for their intended purposes.
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E. Always be alert to unsafe conditions and actions and call attention to them so that
corrective action can be taken as quickly as possible.
F. Wear eye and face protection when appropriate.
G. Always inspect equipment for leaks, tears and other damage before handling a hazardous
chemical. This includes fume hoods, gloves, goggles, etc.
H. Avoid tasting or smelling hazardous chemicals.
2.2 HEALTH AND HYGIENE
The following practices have been established to protect laboratory employees from health risks
associated with the use of hazardous chemicals:
A. Avoid direct contact with any hazardous chemical. Know the types of protective
equipment available and use the proper type for each job.
B. Confine long hair and loose clothing and always wear footwear which fully covers the
feet.
C. Do not mouth pipette.
D. Use appropriate safety equipment whenever exposure to gases, vapors or aerosols is
suspected and ensure exhaust facilities are working properly.
E. Wash thoroughly with soap and water after handling chemicals, before leaving the
laboratory and before eating or drinking.
F. Contact lenses are prohibited when using hazardous chemicals.
G. Replace personal protective equipment as appropriate.
H. Laboratory employees shall be familiar with the symptoms of exposure for the chemicals
with which they work and the precautions necessary to prevent exposure.
2.3 FOOD AND DRINK IN THE LABORATORY
The following statement is the accepted practice on food and drink in laboratories and should be
followed at all times:
"There shall be no food, drink, smoking or applying cosmetics in laboratories which have
radioactive materials, biohazardous materials or hazardous chemicals present. There
shall be no storage, use or disposal of these 'consumable' items in laboratories (including
refrigerators within laboratories). Rooms which are adjacent, but separated by floor to
ceiling walls, and do not have any chemical, radioactive or biohazardous agents, present,
may be used for food consumption, preparation, or applying cosmetics at the discretion
of the project director responsible for the areas."
2.4 HOUSEKEEPING
Safety follows from good housekeeping practices. Use the following guidelines to maintain an
orderly laboratory:
A. Keep work areas clean and uncluttered with chemicals and equipment. Clean up
work areas upon completion of an operation or at the end of each work day,
including floors.
B. Dispose of waste as per the Michigan State University Hazardous Waste Disposal
Guide.
C. A separate waste receptacle must be designated for non-contaminated glass. Follow
guidelines established in the MSU Hazardous Waste Disposal Guide for disposal of
contaminated glass.
D. Clean spills immediately and thoroughly, as per the guidelines established in section 4.0
of this document. Ensure a chemical spill kit is available and that employees know how
to use it.
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E. Do not block exits, emergency equipment or controls or use hallways and stairways as
storage areas.
F. Assure hazardous chemicals are properly segregated into compatible categories (see
section 5.1.4 and Appendix C of this document).
2.5 CHEMICAL HANDLING AND STORAGE
The decision to use a hazardous chemical should be a commitment to handle and use the
chemical properly from initial receipt to disposal.
A. Information on proper handling, storage and disposal of hazardous chemicals and access
to related Material Safety Data Sheets should be made available to all laboratory
employees prior to the use of the chemical.
B. Always purchase the minimum amount necessary to maintain operations.
C. Chemical containers with missing or defaced labels or that violate appropriate packaging
regulations should not be accepted.
D. Chemicals utilized in the laboratory must be appropriate for the laboratory's ventilation
system.
E. Chemicals should not be stored on high shelves and large bottles should be stored no
more than two feet from floor level.
F. Chemicals shall be segregated by compatibility.
G. Chemical storage areas must be labeled as to their contents (see section 5.1.4)
H. Storage of chemicals at the lab bench or other work areas shall be kept to a minimum.
I. Any chemical mixture shall be assumed to be as toxic as its most toxic component.
J. Substances of unknown toxicity shall be assumed to be toxic.
2.6 TRANSPORTING OF CHEMICALS
When transporting chemicals outside the laboratory, precautions should be taken to avoid
dropping or spilling chemicals.
A. Carry glass containers in specially designed bottle carriers or a leak resistant,
unbreakable secondary container.
B. When transporting chemicals on a cart, use a cart that is suitable for the load and one that
has high edges to contain leaks or spills.
C. When possible, transport chemicals in freight elevators to avoid the possibility of
exposing people on passenger elevators.
2.7 COMPRESSED GASSES
Special systems are needed for handling materials under pressure. Cylinders pose mechanical,
physical and/or health hazards, depending on the compressed gas in the cylinder.
A. Cylinders with regulators must be individually secured. Only cylinders with valve
protection caps securely in place may be safely gang-chained (chained in groups).
B. When storing or moving a cylinder, have the valve protection cap securely in place to
protect the stem.
C. Cylinders must be secured in an upright position at all times. Use suitable racks, straps,
chains, or stands to support cylinders against an immovable object, such as a bench or a
wall, during use and storage. Do not allow cylinders to fall or lean against one another.
D. Use an appropriate cart to move cylinders.
E. Never bleed a cylinder completely empty. Leave a slight pressure to keep contaminants
out.
F. Oil or grease on the high pressure side of an oxygen cylinder can cause an explosion. Do
not lubricate an oxygen regulator or use a fuel gas regulator on an oxygen cylinder. Use
an oxygen approved regulator.
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G. Always wear goggles or safety glasses with side shields when handling compressed
gases.
H. Always use appropriate gauges, fittings, and materials compatible with the particular gas
being handled.
I. When working with a toxic, corrosive, or reactive gas is planned, the ORCBS should be
contacted for information concerning specific handling requirements. Generally, these
gases will need to be used and stored with local exhaust ventilation such as a lab hood or
a gas cabinet designed for that purpose.
2.8 UNATTENDED OPERATIONS
At times, it may be necessary to leave a laboratory operation unattended. Follow these basic
guidelines in the design of an experiment to be left unattended:
A. Always check with your laboratory supervisor to determine if it is necessary to leave a
laboratory operation unattended. If necessary, develop a protocol with your laboratory
supervisor for the unattended operation of potentially dangerous equipment or methods.
Develop a protocol for potential interruptions in electric, water, inert gas and other
services and provide containment for toxic substances as part of the protocol.
B. A warning notice must be posted in the vicinity of the experiment if hazardous
conditions are present.
2.9 WORKING ALONE
Avoid working alone whenever possible.
2.10 STORAGE AND DISPOSAL OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
For guidelines on the storage and disposal of hazardous wastes from laboratory operations at
Michigan State University, refer to the Michigan State University Hazardous Waste Disposal
Guide. Copies of this document are available from the ORCBS.
3.0 STANDARD LABORATORY SAFE HANDLING / STORAGE
REQUIREMENTS
3.1 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Identifying the specific hazard associated with a chemical greatly reduces chances of misuse by
regular laboratory employees, new users, or visitors to the laboratory. At the very minimum,
hazardous chemical containers must have the chemical name(s) and hazard identification(s).
With respect to identifying containers, storage areas and laboratory entranceways, the following
conditions entail hazard identification:
1. P.D.s/supervisors must ensure that labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals
for laboratory use are not removed or defaced. Labels contain information on the
identity of the chemical(s) in the container and the hazard identification of the
chemical(s). It is recommended that incoming containers be labeled with the P.D.'s name
and date of receipt.
2. P.D.s/supervisors must ensure that laboratory containers (those containers filled from the
original shipping container) of chemicals are labeled (see section 3.4.1).
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3. P.D.s/supervisors must ensure that hazardous chemical storage areas are labeled per the
guidelines established in section 5.1.4.
4. P.D.s/supervisors must ensure that entranceways to laboratory facilities are labeled with
the appropriate warning signs per the guidelines established in section 5.1.2.
5. P.D.s/supervisors must ensure that employees have access to MSDS's (see section 5.1.1).
3.2 HAZARDS SUBJECT TO REVIEW OR PRIOR APPROVAL
The Laboratory Standard requires that project directors identify those activities that the project
director believes to be of a sufficiently hazardous nature to warrant prior approval before
implementation by an employee. Prior approval for using Class A Carcinogens is required by the
ORCBS (Appendix L). Appendix L also contains the list of chemicals for which MIOSHA has
specific regulations for use.
3.3 CHEMICALS DEVELOPED IN THE LABORATORY
The following requirements apply to chemical substances developed in the laboratory:
1. If the composition of the chemical substance which is produced exclusively for the
laboratory's use is known, the P.D. must determine if it is a hazardous chemical. This
can be done by a literature search for similar substances. If the chemical is determined to
be hazardous, the P.D. must provide appropriate training to protect employees.
2. If the chemical produced is a product or a by-product whose composition is not known,
the P.D. must assume that the substance is hazardous and must comply with the
requirements of the CHP.
3. If the chemical is produced for sale or use outside of the laboratory, the P.D. must
prepare an appropriate MSDS in accordance to the Michigan Right-to-Know Law.
3.4 LABELING
3.4.1 Container Labels. All containers of hazardous chemicals must be labeled with the
name of the chemical and the hazard(s), if not provided by the manufacturer. If a chemical has
more than one hazard, it must be labeled with both hazards. For example, acetaldehyde is both a
flammable and a carcinogen, and must be labeled appropriately. Additionally, the subsequent
guidelines shall be followed:
1. Labeling Basics
a. For containers labeled by the manufacturer:
?Inspect the labeling on incoming containers.
?Replace damaged or semi-attached labels.
b. For transferred products or prepared solutions labeled by the user:
?Label each chemical container with the chemical name and hazard warning.
?Refer to the Material safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for hazard warning
2. Alternate Method for Labeling Multiple Small Containers
a. Legend Method:
?Label containers with abbreviated chemical name and a hazard warning.
?Provide a key in a visible location in the lab with complete chemical name.
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?Document that employees are trained on the labeling system.
b. Box or Tray Method:
?Put containers in box or tray.
?Label tray with chemical name and hazard warning
?If containers are removed from the box/tray they must be properly labeled or
returned to the box or tray within the work-shift.
?Document that employees are trained on the labeling system
3. Labeling Peroxide Forming Chemicals
a. Peroxidizable chemicals are listed in Appendix H and must be labeled with:
?Date Received
?Date Opened
?Date Tested
?Test Results
4. Consumer Products. Anything available over the counter to the general public is
exempt from labeling requirements if it has already been labeled by the manufacturer.
This includes consumer products such as cans of spray paint or turpentine.
5. Stationary Containers. Stationary process containers such as tanks may be identified
with signs, placards, process sheets, batch tickets or other written materials instead of
actually affixing labels to process containers. The sign or placard must convey the same
information that a label would and be visible to employees throughout the work shift.
6. Portable Containers. Portable containers into which hazardous chemicals are
transferred from labeled containers and which are intended to be under the use and
control of the person who transferred it, within the work shift in which it was transferred,
are exempt from labeling. However, it is recommended that a temporary label
identifying the chemical and its primary hazard be affixed to the container.
3.4.2 Waste Containers. All hazardous chemical waste should be segregated and labeled
according to the MSU Hazardous Waste Disposal Guide. Special attention should be given to
the following areas:
1. Waste containers for non-contaminated glass must be labeled (label as "Broken Glass")
and kept separate from other non-contaminated waste.
2. Upon initial waste collection, attach a dated MSU Materials Pick Up tag and label
containers with the words "Hazardous Waste."
3. Once a chemical has been dated and labeled as a hazardous waste, it may not be
accumulated for more than 90 days. Please request a hazardous waste pick-up from the
ORCBS once the 90 day storage limit is approached.
For more specific information regarding hazardous wastes, reference the MSU Hazardous Waste
Disposal Guide.
3.5 PROVISIONS FOR PARTICULARLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
3.5.1 Permissible Exposure Limits. The Laboratory Standard requires that employers, for
laboratory uses of substances regulated by OSHA/MIOSHA occupational health standards,
assure that employees' exposures do not exceed the Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs). The
PELs represent Time Weighted Averages (TWA's) in parts per million (ppm) or milligrams of
substance per cubic meter of air (mg/m3). The TWA represents the ratio between exposure and
work shift. Appendix K lists the PELs established by OSHA and referenced by MIOSHA.
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The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has established
Threshold Limit Values (TLV's), which are TWA values similar to PEL's. The TLV's are in
some cases lower than the PELs. To keep employee exposures as low as reasonably achievable,
employers will be expected to uphold the lowest exposure limit, be it a PEL or a TLV.
3.5.2 Employee Exposure Determination. Employers must contact the ORCBS to
perform employee exposure monitoring under the following circumstances:
1. Initial monitoring must be performed if there is reason to believe employee exposure
levels routinely exceed the action level, or Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL).
2. Periodic monitoring must be performed when initial monitoring reveals an exposure.
The employer must comply with exposure monitoring provisions of the relevant
standard.
Monitoring can be terminated in accordance with the relevant standard. Employers must notify
the employee of the monitoring results within 15 working days after receipt of monitoring
results. The results must be either individually distributed in writing or posted in a location
accessible to all affected employees.
3.5.3 Special Considerations. The MIOSHA Laboratory Standard requires that special
precautions for additional employee protection be followed for the laboratory use of select
carcinogens, reproductive toxicants and chemicals with a high degree of acute and chronic
toxicity (defined in section 1.4).
Protection from these hazards is provided by assuring exposure to such hazards is minimized, i.e.
kept under the PEL, TLV, or STEL, or eliminated. To minimize exposure, it is necessary to
determine the route by which exposure may occur, whether by inhalation, absorption, injection,
ingestion or a combination of exposure routes. To ensure employees do not receive exposures in
excess of the PEL or TLV, hygienic standards have been established for many toxic materials.
The following general hygiene standards should be observed when using select carcinogens,
reproductive toxicants and chemicals with a high degree of acute and chronic toxicity.
Establish a designated area.
A. Use and store materials only in designated areas: a restricted access hood, glove box, or
portion of a lab, designated for use of highly toxic substances. Assure that all personnel
with access are aware of necessary safety precautions.
B. Label all containers, storage and use areas appropriately. Follow the guidelines
established in sections 3.4.1, 5.1.3 and 5.1.4 of this document.
Use proper containment devices for the protocol and chemical(s) being used.
A. Use a hood or other containment device for procedures which may result in the
generation of aerosols or vapors; trap released vapors to prevent their discharge with
fume hood exhaust.
B. It is recommended that breakable containers be stored in chemical-resistant trays. Work
and mount apparatus above such trays or cover work and storage surfaces with
removable, absorbent, plastic backed paper.
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Removal of Contaminated Waste.
A. Follow the guidelines established in the MSU Hazardous Waste Disposal Guide.
Follow decontamination procedures prior to leaving the designated area.
A. On leaving the designated area, remove protective apparel (place it in an appropriate,
labeled container) and thoroughly wash hands, forearms, face, and neck.
B. Thoroughly decontaminate or dispose of contaminated clothing or shoes. If possible,
chemically decontaminate by chemical conversion to a less toxic product.
C. Decontaminate vacuum pumps or other contaminated equipment, including glassware,
before removing them from the designated area. Decontaminate the designated area
before normal work is resumed.
D. Use a wet mop or a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA filter to decontaminate
surfaces. DO NOT DRY SWEEP SPILLED POWDERS.
E. Protect vacuum pumps against contamination with scrubbers or HEPA filters and vent
effluent into the hood.
Always take extra precautions when working with particularly hazardous chemicals.
A. Consult the MSDS for toxic properties and follow the specific precautions and
procedures.
B. Guard against spills and splashes. Appropriate safety apparel, especially gloves, should
be worn. All hoods, glove boxes, or other essential engineering controls should be
operating properly before work is started.
C. Notify the P.D. of all incidents of exposure or spills.
3.6 PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Materials which present a physical hazard (see section 1.4) can be safely used if the specific
hazard(s) are understood. If appropriate precautions are not taken, personal injury or property
damage may occur. Additionally, certain chemicals cannot be safely mixed or stored with other
chemicals because of the danger of a violent reaction or a reaction that generates toxic gas. See
Appendix C for a table of incompatible chemicals.
Hazardous chemicals require that employees follow special procedures for handling and storage.
The P.D. or laboratory supervisor must create specific SOP's for unit safety.
3.6.1 Flammable/Combustible Material: The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA)
places flammable and combustible liquids in the following classes:
Flash Point Boiling Point
Flammable
Class IA < 73 癋 (22.8 癈) < 100 癋 (37.8 癈)
Class IB < 73 癋 (22.8 癈) 100 癋 (37.8 癈)
Class IC 73 癋 (22.8 癈) & < 100 癋 (37.8癈)
Combustible
Class II 100 癋 (37.8 癈) & < 140 癋 (60 癈)
Class IIA 140 癋 (60 癈) & < 200 癋 (93 癈)
Class IIIB 200 癋 (93 癈)
These classes give a measure of the fire risk. Appendix D lists some common flammable and
combustible chemicals.
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Note: the flash point is defined as the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor in
sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid. For
handling Flammable/Combustible materials, observe the following guidelines:
A. Eliminate ignition sources such as open flames, hot surfaces, sparks from welding or
cutting, operation of electrical equipment, and static electricity.
B. Store in NFPA approved flammable liquid containers or storage cabinets, in an area
isolated from ignition sources or in a special storage room designed for flammable
materials.
C. Ensure there is proper bonding and grounding when it is required, such as when
transferring or dispensing a flammable liquid from a large container or drum. Assure
bonding and grounding is checked periodically.
D. Assure appropriate fire extinguishers and/or sprinkler systems are in the area.
3.6.2 Corrosives: materials which can react with the skin causing burns similar to thermal
burns, and/or which can react with metal causing deterioration of the metal surface. See
Appendix F.
A. Containers and equipment used for storage and processing of corrosive materials should
be corrosion resistant.
B. Eye protection and rubber gloves should always be used when handling corrosive
materials. A faceshield, rubber apron, and rubber boots may also be appropriate,
depending on the work performed.
C. Never add water to acid. When mixing concentrated acids with water, add the acid
slowly to water.
D. An eyewash and safety shower must be readily accessible to areas where corrosives are
used and stored. In the event of skin or eye contact with corrosives, immediately flush
the area of contact with cool water for 15 minutes. Remove all affected clothing. Obtain
medical help. See section 5.3 "Personal Protective and Safety Equipment" for eyewash
and safety shower specifications.
3.6.3 Oxidizers: materials which react with other substances by giving off electrons and
undergoing reduction. This reaction may result in fire or explosion. The intensity of the reaction
depends on the oxidizing-reducing potential of the materials involved. See Appendix G.
A. Know the reactivity of the materials involved in the experiment or process. Ensure there
are no extraneous materials in the area which could become involved in a reaction.
B. If the reaction is anticipated to be violent or explosive, use shields or other methods for
isolating the materials or the process.
3.6.4 Water Reactive Materials: materials which react with water to produce a flammable
or toxic gas or other hazardous condition. Often a fire or explosion results. Safe handling of
water reactive materials will depend on the specific material and the conditions of use and
storage. Examples of water reactive chemicals include alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, and
potassium; acid anhydrides, and acid chlorides.
3.6.5 Pyrophoric Materials: materials which ignite spontaneously upon contact with air.
Often the flame is invisible. Examples of pyrophoric materials are silane, silicon tetrachloride,
and white or yellow phosphorous. Pyrophoric chemicals should be used and stored in inert
environments.
3.6.6 Peroxidizable Chemicals (Organic Peroxides): materials which undergo auto-
oxidation (a reaction with oxygen in the air) to form peroxides which can explode with impact,
heat, or friction. Since these chemicals may be packaged in an air atmosphere, peroxides can
14
form even though the container has not been opened, necessitating careful handling. See
Appendix H for a list of materials which may form peroxides.
A. Date all peroxidizables upon receipt and upon opening. Dispose of or check for peroxide
formation after the recommended time; 3-months or one year depending on the chemical.
See Appendix H.
B. Do not open any container which has obvious solid formation around the lid.
C. Addition of an inhibitor to quench the formation of peroxides is recommended.
D. It is recommended to chemically test for peroxides periodically.
E. Follow the same basic handling procedures as for flammable materials.
3.6.7 Light-Sensitive Materials: materials which degrade in the presence of light, forming
new compounds that can be hazardous, or resulting in conditions such as pressure build-up inside
a container which may be hazardous. Examples of light sensitive materials include chloroform,
tetrahydrofuran, ketones and anhydrides.
A. Store light-sensitive materials in a cool, dark place in amber colored bottles or other
containers which reduce or eliminate penetration of light.
3.6.8 Unstable Materials: compounds which can spontaneously release large amounts of
energy under normal conditions, or when struck, vibrated, or otherwise agitated. Some
chemicals become increasingly shock-sensitive with age. Of great concern in the laboratory is
the inadvertent formation of explosive or shock-sensitive materials such as peroxides,
perchlorates (from perchloric acid), picric acid and azides. A list of shock sensitive and
explosive materials is provided in Appendix I.
A. Contact the ORCBS when it is suspected that the inadvertent formation of shock-
sensitive materials in ductwork, piping, or chemicals being stored has occurred.
B. Date all containers of explosive or shock-sensitive materials upon receipt and when
opened.
C. If there is a chance of explosion, use barriers or other methods for isolating the materials
or the process.
3.6.9 Cryogen's: liquefied gases that condense oxygen from the air, create an oxygen rich
atmosphere and increase potential for fire if flammable or combustible materials and a source of
ignition are present. Pressure is also a hazard due to the large expansion ratio from liquid to gas,
causing pressure build up in containers. Many materials become brittle at extremely low
temperatures. Brief contact with materials at extremely low temperatures can cause burns similar
to thermal burns. Some of the hazards associated with cryogen's are fire, pressure, weakening of
materials, and skin or eye burns upon contact with the liquid.
A. Equipment should be kept clean, especially when working with liquid or gaseous
oxygen.
B. Mixtures of gases or fluids should be strictly controlled to prevent formation of
flammable or explosive mixtures.
C. Always wear safety glasses with side shields or goggles when handling. If there is a
chance of a splash or spray, a full face protection shield, an impervious apron or coat,
cuffless trousers, and high topped shoes should be worn. Watches, rings, and other
jewelry should not be worn. Gloves should be impervious and sufficiently large to be
readily thrown off should a cryogen spill. Pot holders could also be used.
D. Containers and systems containing cryogen's should have pressure relief mechanisms.
E. Containers and systems should be capable of withstanding extreme cold without
becoming brittle.
F. Since glass ampoules can explode when removed from cryogenic storage if not sealed
properly, storage of radioactive, toxic or infectious agents should be placed in plastic
cryogenic storage ampoules. Reheat cold sample containers slowly.
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3.7 RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL HAZARDS
Use of radioactive materials at MSU is strictly controlled. Contact the ORCBS if you plan to use
radioactive materials.
3.8 BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL HAZARDS
Use of biological materials at or above Biosafety Level 2 at MSU is strictly controlled. Contact
the ORCBS if you plan to use biological materials at or above Biosafety Level 2.
4.0 EMERGENCY / MEDICAL PROCEDURES
4.1 BASIC STEPS FOR EMERGENCY AND SPILL RESPONSE
Releases of hazardous substances that pose a significant threat to health and safety or that, by
their very nature, require an emergency response regardless of the circumstances surrounding the
release or the mitigating factors are emergency situations. The following definitions designate an
emergency situation:
1. The situation is unclear to the person causing or discovering the spill.
2. The release requires evacuation of persons.
3. The release involves or poses a threat of
A. Fire, suspected fire, explosion or other imminent danger
B. Conditions that are Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH)
C. High levels of exposure to toxic substances.
4. The person(s) in the work area is uncertain they can handle the severity of the hazard
with the personal protective equipment (PPE) and response equipment that has been
provided and/or the exposure limit could easily be exceeded.
Conversely, releases that do not pose significant safety or health hazards to person(s) in the
immediate vicinity or to the person(s) cleaning releases, do not have the potential to become
emergencies within a short time frame are not emergency situations. The following situations
ARE NOT emergency situations:
1. The person causing or discovering the release understands the properties and can make
an informed decision as to the exposure level.
2. The release can be appropriately cleaned up by the lab personnel using authorized
(certified) spill kits.
3. The materials are limited in quantity, exposure potential, or toxicity and present minor
safety or health hazards to persons in the immediate work area or those assigned to clean
up the activity.
4. Incidental releases of hazardous substances that are routinely cleaned up by ORCBS or
trained custodians from outside the immediate release area need not be considered an
emergency.
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4.1.1 Emergency Situation - Fire. The following steps are basic protocol for handling a
fire or fire-related emergency situation in the laboratory:
1. Pull the fire alarm.
2. Call 9-1-1 from a safe location.
3. Notify the unit emergency coordinator.
4. Evacuate.
4.1.2 Emergency Situation - Spill. If the spill is of high toxicity or flammability or you are
unsure of how to proceed or is more than one liter, execute the following:
1. Call 9-1-1.
2. Evacuate personnel from the spill area and alert neighbors to the spill.
3. Isolate the spill area and close doors to the room where the spill occurred.
4. Remove ignition sources and shut down equipment
5. Establish exhaust ventilation to the outside of the building only. Turn on exhaust
equipment. Open windows.
Evacuation of the building is mandatory if chemicals or contaminants could enter the air
circulation system of a building.
Attend to victims for a body splash:
1. Remove person(s) from spill area to fresh air only if attempts to rescue victim(s) does not
present a danger to the rescuers.
2. Remove contaminated clothing while under an emergency shower.
3. Flood affected area with cold water for at least 15 minutes or longer if pain persists.
4. Wash skin with mild soap and water - do not use neutralizing chemicals, unguents,
creams, lotions or salves.
5. Contact emergency response personnel and assure they know the chemical(s) involved.
Attend to victims for an eye splash:
1. Remove victim(s) from spill area to fresh air only if attempts to rescue victim(s) does not
present a danger to the rescuers.
2. Lead the victim(s) immediately to an emergency eye wash facility.
3. Hold eye lids open.
4. Flush eyes for at least 15 minutes or longer if pain persists.
5. Contact emergency response personnel and assure they know the chemical(s) involved.
4.1.3 Mercury Spills. For very small spills, less than 1 cc, such as a broken thermometer,
use a trapped vacuum line attached to a tapered glass tube, similar to a medicine dropper, to pick
up mercury droplets.
1. Do not use a domestic or commercial vacuum cleaner.
2. Cover small droplets in accessible areas with one of the following:
?sodium polysulfide solution
?powdered sulfur
?silver metal compounds
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?dry ice to freeze the mercury droplets
3. Place residue in container for hazardous waste collection.
For large spills, i.e. greater than 1 cc, contact the ORCBS for spill cleanup, instructions or
assistance.
4.1.4 Spill Kits. Ready access to a chemical spill kit is required in laboratories that work
with hazardous chemicals. Minimally, such a kit should contain:
穝plash resistant goggles
穋hemical resistant gloves
穚lastic bags
穖ulti-chemical sorbent (enough for 2 gallon spill)
穝cooper
Most spills greater than 1 liter in volume require assistance from trained personnel from the
ORCBS.
Some sorbents are chemically specific. The best sorbents are those which can be used to clean
up all types of chemical spills. Check absorbents in spill kits for their absorbency range.
Each laboratory's spill kit should be kept in a readily accessible location and each employee
should be trained on how to use the spill kit.
4.1.5 Non-Emergency Situation - Spill. If the spill is less than one liter and the chemical
involved is of low toxicity and a low flammable hazard, handle it in the following manner:
If there are questions about proper spill response techniques, call the ORCBS at 355-0153.
1. Locate the spill kit.
2. Choose the proper protective equipment:
?Always wear gloves and protective eye wear
?Use additional protective equipment such as an apron, coveralls, or boots
?Use a fitted respirator if there is an inhalation hazard above the permissible exposure
limit.
3. Confine or contain the spill.
For non-reactive spills:
A. Cover liquid spills with spill kit absorbent and scoop into a plastic disposal bag.
B. Sweep solid materials into a dust pan and place in a sealed container.
C. Dispose of waste as normal trash as long as substance is non-volatile, non-hazardous.
For reactive or potentially reactive spills:
A. Cover liquid spill with spill kit absorbent and scoop into an appropriate disposal
container .
B. Wet mop dry substances to avoid spreading hazardous dust, provided it is non-water
reactive.
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C. If spilled chemical is a volatile solvent, transfer disposal bag to a hood for evaporation of
solvent.
D. Follow the MSU Hazardous Waste Disposal Guide for disposal.
4.1.6 Power Outages. If emergency lighting and fire alarms ARE NOT operable, evacuate
the building after the following steps have been taken:
? Place lids on all open containers of volatile chemicals
? Lower the sash on chemical fume hoods
? Shut down all equipment (leave cooling water and purge gases on as necessary)
? Turn off ignition sources
? Secure or isolate reactions that are underway (boiling liquid on a hot plate, distillations)
? Close fire doors
? Take your books, coats, purse/wallet, keys, etc.
? Lock outside door to lab
In anticipation of possible power outages, do the following:
? Have a flashlight conveniently located or other emergency lighting
? Make sure that all emergency contact numbers on the door are accurate and updated
4.2 INJURY AND ILLNESS
For medical treatment, under current MSU policies and procedures, affected employees must
seek care from one of the approved medical care facilities:
The supervisor or instructor must ensure the appropriate injury report forms are completed. See
MSU Human Resources for copies of the appropriate forms. The web link to Human Resources
form titled AUTHORIZATION TO INVOICE MSU is below. This form contains
instructions for employees seeking medical attention.
http://www.hr.msu.edu/forms/Invoice.MSU.pdf
If you have any questions regarding injury and illness procedures, contact your supervisor,
instructor or Human Resources.
Minor First Aid
First Aid Kits. First aid kits are not recommended except for remote operations where
emergency care is not readily available. If a unit desires a first aid kit, it must be maintained with
essential supplies at all times. See the General Stores Catalog for a list of essential supplies.
Do not dispense or administer any medications, including aspirin.
Do not put any ointments or creams on wounds or burns. Use cool water.
The MSDS contains specific first aid information for a given chemical.
For specific first aid information, contact your supervisor, Olin Health Center or MSU Police and
Public Safety.
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4.3 MEDICAL CONSULTATIONS AND EXAMINATIONS
1. Health assessments prior to work assignment for new employees will be performed under the
following conditions:
A. When conditions specified by the Exposure to Health Risks form (available from
department & Appendix M) are met, the employee must send the completed form to the
MSU Occupational Health Service and then contact the MSU Olin Health Services to
schedule an appointment for a medical examination prior to work assignment. Note that
there are separate forms for full-time employees and student employees.
2. Units must provide all employees who work with hazardous chemicals an opportunity to
receive medical attention, including any follow-up examinations which the examining
physician determines to be necessary, under the following circumstances:
A. When an employee develops signs or symptoms associated with a hazardous chemical to
which the employee may have been exposed in the laboratory, the employee must be
provided an opportunity to receive an appropriate examination.
B. Where exposure monitoring reveals an exposure level routinely above the action level
(or in the absence of an action level, the Permissible Exposure Limit) for an OSHA
regulated substance for which there are exposure monitoring and medical surveillance
requirements, medical surveillance shall be established for the affected employee as
prescribed by the particular standard.
C. Whenever an event takes place in the work area, such as a spill, leak, explosion or other
occurrence resulting in the likelihood of a hazardous exposure, the affected employee
shall be provided an opportunity for a medical consultation. Such consultations shall be
for the purpose of determining the need for a medical examination.\
D. All medical consultations and examinations must be performed by or under the direct
supervision of a licensed physician and must be provided without cost to the employee,
without loss of pay and at a reasonable time and place.
3. The unit shall provide the following information to the physician:
A. The identity of the hazardous chemical(s) to which the employee may have been
exposed.
B. A description of the conditions surrounding the exposure, including available
quantitative exposure data.
C. A description of the signs and symptoms of exposure that the employee is
experiencing, if any.
4. The unit shall obtain a written opinion from the examining physician which shall include the
following:
A. Any recommendation for further medical follow-up.
B. The results of the medical examination and any associated tests.
C. Any medical condition which may be revealed in the course of the examination
which may place the employee at increased risk as a result of exposure to a
hazardous chemical found in the workplace.
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D. A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results of
the consultation or medical examination and any medical condition that may require
further examination or treatment.
i. The written opinion of the physician shall not reveal specific finding of
diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure.
5.0 STANDARD LABORATORY FACILITY REQUIREMENTS
5.1 SIGNS AND INFORMATION
Labels and warning signs should alert employees to potentially hazardous materials and allow
those unfamiliar with the laboratory surroundings to identify hazardous chemical use and storage
areas, safety facilities, emergency equipment, exits, and aid emergency response personnel.
Signs and labels are generally available from the ORCBS.
5.1.1 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS's). A Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is a
document containing chemical hazard identification and safe handling information and is
prepared in accordance with the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard and the Michigan
Right-to-Know law.
Chemical manufacturers and distributors must provide the purchasers of hazardous chemicals an
appropriate MSDS for each hazardous chemical/product purchased.
The Michigan Right-to-Know law requires that units and/or P.D.s keep MSDS's in a systematic
and consistent manner. The system a unit uses to store MSDS's can vary from keeping them in a
notebook or file cabinet to using the ORCBS request system. The system adopted must provide
easy access to MSDS's for hazardous chemicals used in the lab. Each unit must post a Michigan
Right-to-Know Law poster, which indicates the location of all MSDS's for hazardous chemicals
used in the lab.
The ORCBS is a central repository for MSDS's. If you wish to review a MSDS, contact your
P.D., supervisor, instructor or the ORCBS. If you need MSDS's for your work area file, send a
MSDS request form (located in Appendix B) to the ORCBS, between the hours of 8:00 am and
5:00pm by
FAX: 353-4871
OR
MAIL: ORCBS, C-124 Research Complex--Engineering, Campus
OR
INTERNET: http://www.orcbs.msu.edu
A representative from the ORCBS will fax, mail or hand deliver the MSDS's. If information
from an MSDS is needed in case of an emergency, call the ORCBS at 355-0153 or dial 911.
Between the hours of 5:00 pm and 8:00 am, please contact MSU Police and Public Safety at 355-
2221. The MSU Police will contact a representative from the ORCBS, who will provide you
with a MSDS as soon as you need it.
5.1.2 Generic Signs. Every laboratory shall have the following signs visibly posted:
1. The Michigan Right-to-Know law poster, listing the location of MSDS's for all
hazardous chemicals used in the laboratory.
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2. Emergency contact numbers (two names, preferably the P.D., head technician or a
graduate student) shall be posted on the external doorway to the lab. These names and
numbers shall be updated when personnel change. In case of an emergency, responders
need this information to contact knowledgeable personnel about specific laboratory
hazards.
3. If a laboratory has 10 gallons or more of a flammable liquid, the main doorway to the lab
shall have a flammable liquid sticker visibly posted on it. This is an aid to fire response
personnel.
5.1.3 Restricted Access And Designated Areas. Facilities containing certain hazards
must have warning signs posted at the designated area of the laboratory where the hazard exists,
and at the entranceway to the laboratory. Any areas placarded as such are restricted access,
designated areas and have certain standards regarding training and use by employees. Such
hazards include:
? MIOSHA Class A carcinogens
? HIV and HBV research laboratories and production facilities*
? Biological agents that require Biosafety Level 2 or higher*
? Radioisotopes*
Other chemical hazards will be dealt with on a case-by-case basis, with consultation from the
ORCBS.
*Please contact the Biological Safety Officer or the Radiation Safety Officer at the ORCBS for
requirements on these items.
5.1.4 Storage Areas. Chemicals should be stored according to compatibility (see Appendix
C), as designated by hazard classes. Particularly hazardous chemicals should be stored and
handled with extreme care. When ordering chemicals that are unfamiliar, review the MSDS
before purchase so that use and storage guidelines are understood. Assure that the following
areas are labeled and chemicals are stored appropriately:
1. Carcinogens
2. Corrosives
3. Flammable Liquids
4. Flammable Solids
5. Oxidizers
6. Perchloric Acid
7. Biosafety Level 2 or higher
Additionally, storage areas for biohazardous agents and radioisotopes should be appropriately
labeled. Please contact the Biological Safety Officer or the Radiation Safety Officer at the
ORCBS for information.
5.2 CONTROL MEASURES
1. The P.D. or lab supervisor must implement control measures to reduce employee exposure to
hazardous chemicals. The three types of control measures are:
A. Administrative Controls: methods of controlling employee exposures to
contaminants by job rotation, work assignment or time periods away from
contaminant. Examples include Standard Operating Procedures, Chemical Hygiene
Plans and Safety Manuals.
22
B. Engineering Controls: methods of controlling employee exposures by modifying the
source or reducing the quantity of contaminants released into the work environment.
Examples include fume hoods and biosafety cabinets.
C. Personal Protective Equipment: personal safety equipment designed for secondary
employee protection from hazardous chemicals. Examples include gloves and lab
coats.
Note: MIOSHA R 325.51105 regarding air contaminants, states that engineering controls and
administrative controls shall first be determined and implemented when feasible. When such
controls are not feasible to achieve full compliance, protective equipment or any other protective
measures shall be used to keep the exposure of employees to air contaminants within the limits
prescribed in the rule.
2. MIOSHA requires control measures when the following circumstances are met:
A. Whenever employees use hazardous chemicals.
B. Whenever employee exposures exceed the action level (or, in the absence of an
action level, the Permissible Exposure Limit, the published exposure limit or the
Threshold Limit Value).
C. Upon addition of new chemicals or changes in procedures.
Other situations should be dealt with on a case-by-case basis. Please consult the ORCBS for
assistance in establishing control measures.
3. The following general control measures are recommended for use in most situations
requiring the use of hazardous chemicals:
A. Use the following primary methods for detecting exposures:
i. Determine the source of exposure.
ii. Determine the path the contaminant follows to reach the employee.
iii. Determine the employee's work pattern and use of personal protective equipment.
iv. Change one or more of the above pathways to reduce or eliminate exposure.
B. Substitute less harmful chemicals for more harmful chemicals whenever possible.
C. Change or alter processes to minimize exposure.
D. Isolate or enclose a process or work operation to reduce the number of employees
exposed (for example, use a fume hood).
E. Use wet methods to reduce the generation of dust.
F. Use local exhaust ventilation (hoods) at point of generation or dispersion of
contaminants and use dilution (general) ventilation to reduce air contaminants.
G. Practice good housekeeping procedures to reduce unnecessary exposures.
H. Use training and education as primary administrative controls for reducing exposures.
I. Use special control methods such as shielding and continuous monitoring devices to
control exposures in special situations.
5.3 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE AND SAFETY EQUIPMENT
Maintaining a safe laboratory environment is the responsibility of the P.D., but all employees
play a role in observing safety guidelines. Personal protective devices and safety equipment
must be provided to all employees under the appropriate circumstances and employees have the
responsibility of properly using such equipment.
23
The MSDS will provide some information on the personal protective equipment and safety
procedures recommended for a given chemical, though the MSDS may not provide sufficient
information concerning the specific type of safety equipment required (for example, it may say
"use gloves" but not list the best glove to use).
MIOSHA has adopted the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) consensus standards for
eye protection and emergency shower and eyewash facilities.
5.3.1 Personal Protective Equipment
Eye and Face Protection. Eye protection must be made available to all employees or visitors
to laboratories where chemicals are used and stored. Protective eye and face equipment must be
used where there is a reasonable probability of injury from hazardous chemicals that can be
prevented from such equipment. The minimum acceptable requirements are for hardened glass
or plastic safety spectacles. The P.D. or laboratory supervisor should establish the level of
eye protection needed per laboratory activity based on the guidelines below.
Eye and Face Protection: General Description
All eye protective devices must be stamped with "Z87" by the manufacturer if they meet ANSI
standards. If the eye protection is not marked, it may not be the most effective protection
available.
1. Safety glasses with side shields offer minimal protection against flying fragments, chips,
particles, sand and dirt. When a splash hazard exists, other protective eye equipment
should be worn.
2. Safety goggles (impact goggles) offer adequate protection against flying particles. These
should be worn when working with glassware under reduced or elevated pressure or with
drill presses or other similar conditions.
3. Chemical splash goggles (acid goggles) have indirect venting for splash proof sides,
which provide adequate protection against splashes. Chemical splash goggles offer the
best eye protection from chemical splashes. Impact goggles should not be worn
when danger of a splash exists.
4. Faceshields protect the face and neck from flying particles and splashes. Always wear
additional eye protection under faceshields. Ultra-violet light face shields should be
worn when working over UV light sources.
5.3.2 Selecting Appropriate Eye and Face Protection in Laboratories
Safety Glasses
Required when: An impact hazard exists or when working with low hazard chemicals, or
when a low probability of splash exists.
Examples:
?Pipeting
?Handling closed bottle of injurious chemical
?Mixing solutions
?Opening centrifuge tubes
Chemical Splash Goggles
Required when: Working with smaller amounts of corrosive or injurious chemicals and a
reasonable probability of splash exists.
Examples:
24
? Pouring acid out of a 1 pint bottle
? Pouring methylene chloride from a 1 liter bottle
? Working with liquids under pressure
Face Shield and Chemical Splash Goggles
Required when: Working with larger quantities of corrosive chemicals and / or a high
probability of eye and face injury exists.
Examples:
?Working with an acid bath
?Pouring 4 liters of acid into a container
?Handling highly reactive chemicals that may spatter
Note: Ordinary prescription glasses do not provide adequate protection against eye injury. Eye
protection equipment must be ANSI Z87 approved.
For more information on the MSU Eye and Face Protection policy, visit our web page at:
www.orcbs.msu.edu/chemical/eye_face.htm
Protection of Skin and Body. Skin and body protection involves the use of protective
clothing to protect individuals from chemical exposure. Determine clothing needed for the
chemical being used, as protective garments are not equally effective for every hazardous
chemical. Some chemicals will permeate a garment in a very short time, whereas others will not.
The basic and most effective forms of protection are gloves and lab coats.
Protect exposed skin surfaces when there is a reasonable anticipation of a splash. Avoid wearing
open-toed shoes, sandals, shorts, etc. when working with injurious or corrosive chemicals.
Even when there is minimal danger of skin contact with an extremely hazardous substance, lab
coats, coveralls, aprons, or protective suits should be utilized. These garments should not leave
the work site.
Exposures to strong acids and acid gases, organic chemicals and strong oxidizing agents,
carcinogens, and mutagens require the use of specialized protective equipment that prevents skin
contamination. Impervious protective equipment must be utilized. Examples include: rubber
gloves, aprons, boots and protective suits.
Respirators. Michigan State University currently follows a respiratory protection program
developed by the ORCBS in accordance with MIOSHA R3501 and 3502. Use of respirators in
laboratories is strongly discouraged. Respiratory use is only allowed where engineering controls
are not feasible or where they are being installed.
Prior to using a respirator for the first time or for a new activity, employees must receive a
medical exam from Olin Health Center, attend an ORCBS respiratory training session, undergo a
fit test and complete an ORCBS respirator wearer questionnaire. Please contact the ORCBS for
a copy of the MSU Respiratory Protection Program.
5.3.3 Safety Equipment
Safety Showers. Safety showers provide an immediate water drench of an affected person.
MIOSHA has adopted the following ANSI standards for location, design and maintenance of
safety showers:
25
1. Showers shall be located within 25 feet of areas where chemicals with a pH of 2.0 or
12.5 are used.
2. Showers shall be located within 100 feet of areas where chemicals with a pH of > 2 and
< 4 or 9 and < 12.5 are used.
3. The location of the shower should be clearly marked, well lighted and free from
obstacles, closed doorways or turns.
Safety showers should be checked and flushed periodically.
Eye Wash Facilities. Eye wash facilities are required in all laboratories where injurious or
corrosive chemicals are used or stored, and are subject to the same proximity requirements as
safety showers. MIOSHA has adopted the following ANSI standards for location, design and
maintenance of emergency eyewash facilities:
1. Optimally, those affected must have both hands free to hold open the eye to ensure an
effective wash behind the lids. This means providing eye wash facilities that are
operated by a quick release system and simultaneously drench both eyes.
2. Eye wash facilities must provide the minimum of a 15 minute water supply at no less
than 0.4 gallons per minute.
3. Eye wash facilities should be flushed out for five minutes at a time, once per week. A
log documenting flushes is recommended.
Please call the ORCBS regarding specific designs for eye wash facilities.
5.4 VENTILATION CONTROLS
Ventilation controls are those controls intended to minimize employee exposure to hazardous
chemicals by removing air contaminants from the work site. There are two main types of
ventilation controls:
1. General (Dilution) Exhaust: a room or building-wide system which brings in air
from outside and ventilates within. Laboratory air must be continually replaced,
preventing the increase of air concentration of toxic substances during the work day.
General exhaust systems are not recommended for the use of most hazardous
chemicals.
2. Local Exhaust: a ventilated, enclosed work space intended to capture, contain and
exhaust harmful or dangerous fumes, vapors and particulate matter generated by
procedures conducted with hazardous chemicals.
To determine ventilation requirements, assess the MSDS. Some MSDS terminology, as listed
below, may indicate a need for special ventilation considerations beyond general exhaust
ventilation:
穟se with adequate ventilation 穉void vapor inhalation
穟se in a fume hood 穚rovide local exhaust ventilation
Proper Use of Local Ventilation Systems: Once a local ventilation system is installed in a
work area, it must be used properly to be effective. For use of hazardous chemicals warranting
local ventilation controls, the following guidelines should be observed:
26
1. Conduct all operations which may generate air contaminants at or above the appropriate
PEL or TLV inside a fume hood.
2. Keep all apparatus at least 6 inches back from the face of the hood and keep the slots in
the hood baffle free of obstruction by apparatus or containers. Large equipment should
be elevated at least two inches off the base of the fume hood, to allow for the passage of
air underneath the apparatus.
3. Do not use the hood as a waste disposal mechanism except for very small quantities of
volatile materials.
4. Minimize storage of chemicals or apparatus in the hood.
5. Keep the hood sash closed at all times except when the hood is in use.
6. Minimize foot traffic and other forms of potential air disturbances past the face of the
hood.
7. Do not have sources of ignition inside the hood when flammable liquids or gases are
present.
8. Use sash as a safety shield when boiling liquids or conducting an experiment with
reactive chemicals.
9. Periodically check the air flow in the hood using a continuous monitoring device or
another source of visible air flow indicator. If air flow has changed, contact the ORCBS
for an inspection or Physical Plant for repair.
The system must be checked prior to each use to assure it is operating. Never work with
hazardous chemicals if the required ventilation system is not working.
The ORCBS performs hood inspections annually. After an inspection, hoods are passed or
failed for use based on the following criteria:
1. The face velocity of air being drawn into the hood at maximum sash height is measured
quantitatively in feet per minute (fpm). One measurement is taken per square foot of
face space. Hoods must have an average face velocity of 60-150 fpm, depending on their
design, with 100 fpm being the ideal average face velocity.
2. The turbulence of the air is measured qualitatively by releasing smoke from a smoke
tube. The smoke must be captured by the hood, with a minimum of turbulence.
If the exhaust system does not pass the face velocity test and/or has excessive turbulence, it will
be posted as "failed" by the inspector. The P.D. must contact Physical Plant to have the system
repaired before hazardous chemicals can be used in the hood.
If the exhaust system does pass, the inspector will post the date of inspection and will mark the
hood to indicate proper sash position for optimum hood performance. The hood sash should be
set at this point for procedures which could generate toxic aerosols, gases or vapors. In general,
the sash height should be set at a level where the operator is shielded to some degree from any
explosions or violent reactions which could occur and where optimum air flow dynamics are
achieved. If a fume hood has no markings regarding sash height or inspection dates, please
contact the ORCBS to arrange for an inspection.
Certain types of local exhaust systems are not designed for the use of hazardous chemicals. If a
local exhaust system's capabilities are not fully understood, check the manufacturers
specifications or call the ORCBS before using hazardous chemicals in the system.
27
Proper use of Ductless Ventilation Systems: Ductless, or portable fume hoods, which
employ filtration media, may be an option to conventional local exhaust hoods. Contact the
ORCBS for consultation before acquiring any ductless fume hood.
5.5 SPILL KITS.
Refer to Section 4.1.4.
6.0 STANDARD REPAIR / CLOSE-OUT / DECOMMISSIONING
PROCEDURES
6.1 DECONTAMINATION OF EQUIPMENT
When a request for equipment repair or transfer to another location is initiated, the following
steps must be undertaken to ensure the safety of the employees responsible for repair or transfer if
the equipment has been contaminated by hazardous chemicals:
A. Remove chemical contaminants with an appropriate solvent or cleaning solution .
B. Once contaminants have been eliminated, fill out an "Equipment Release Form" (located
in Appendix P) and place in a prominent position on the equipment to be repaired or
transferred. The equipment must have the Equipment Release Form affixed for
initiation of repair or transfer.
The policy for laboratory close-out procedures is located in Appendix O.
28
APPENDIX A
MSU CHEMICAL HYGIENE PLAN
AWARENESS CERTIFICATION
The Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Administration (MIOSHA) requires that all
laboratory employees be made aware of the Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) at their place of
employment.
By signing the certification form at a training session, you acknowledge that you are aware of the
MSU CHP and the policies and procedures applicable to the MIOSHA Laboratory Standard and
have attended a training session on the applicable details of the MSU CHP provided by the
Office of Radiation, Chemical and Biological Safety. Your supervisor will provide additional
laboratory-specific training*.
ORCBS Chemical Safety and Chemical Hygiene Plan Awareness Training Sign-up Sheet
PLEASE PRINT
NAME: DEPT:
EMPLOYMENT START DATE: TODAY'S DATE:
SOCIAL SECURITY #: BIRTH DATE:
PROJECT DIRECTOR:
SIGNATURE:
Please have all information available at the training session so that the certification form may be
completely filled out.
* All laboratory-specific training must be documented and maintained by the laboratory
supervisor.
29
APPENDIX B
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET REQUEST FORM
Name: Date:
Location: Phone:
Dept. Date and Time Needed:
Fax: E-Mail:
Chemical Names:
Directions: Use this form to request a MSDS. Mail or Fax (353-4871) the
request form to the Office of Radiation, Chemical and Biological Safety, C-
124 Research Complex--Engineering. Call the ORCBS at 355-0153 if you
have any questions
30
APPENDIX C
INCOMPATIBILITY OF COMMON LABORATORY CHEMICALS
When certain hazardous chemicals are stored or mixed together, violent reactions may occur
because the chemicals are unsuitable for mixing, or are incompatible. Classes of incompatible
chemicals should be segregated from each other during storage, according to hazard class. Use
the following general guidelines for hazard class storage:
? Flammable/Combustible Liquids and Organic Acids
? Flammable Solids
? Mineral Acids
? Caustics
? Oxidizers
? Perchloric Acid
? Compressed Gases
Before mixing any chemicals, refer to this partial list, the chemicals' MSDS's or call the ORCBS
to verify compatibility:
CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICAL(S)
Acetic acid aldehyde, bases, carbonates, hydroxides, metals, oxidizers, peroxides,
phosphates, xylene
Acetylene halogens (chlorine, fluorine, etc.), mercury, potassium, oxidizers, silver
Acetone acids, amines, oxidizers, plastics
Alkali and alkaline earth acids, chromium, ethylene, halogens, hydrogen, mercury, nitrogen,
metals oxidizers, plastics, sodium chloride, sulfur
Ammonia acids, aldehydes, amides, halogens, heavy metals, oxidizers, plastics,
sulfur
Ammonium nitrate acids, alkalis, chloride salts, combustible materials, metals, organic
materials, phosphorous, reducing agents, urea
Aniline acids, aluminum, dibenzoyl peroxide, oxidizers, plastics
Azides acids, heavy metals, oxidizers
Bromine acetaldehyde, alcohol's, alkalis, amines, combustible materials, ethylene,
fluorine, hydrogen, ketones (acetone, carbonyls, etc.), metals, sulfur
Calcium oxide acids, ethanol, fluorine, organic materials
Carbon (activated) alkali metals, calcium hypochlorite, halogens, oxidizers
Carbon tetrachloride benzoyl peroxide, ethylene, fluorine, metals, oxygen, plastics, silanes
Chlorates powdered metals, sulfur, finely divided organic or combustible materials
Chromic acid acetone, alcohol's, alkalis, ammonia, bases,
Chromium trioxide benzene, combustible materials, hydrocarbons, metals, organic materials,
phosphorous, plastics
Chlorine alcohol's, ammonia, benzene, combustible materials, flammable
compounds (hydrazine), hydrocarbons (acetylene, ethylene, etc.),
hydrogen peroxide, iodine, metals, nitrogen, oxygen, sodium
hydroxide
Chlorine dioxide hydrogen, mercury, organic materials, phosphorous, potassium hydroxide,
sulfur
Copper calcium, hydrocarbons, oxidizers
Hydroperoxide reducing agents
Cyanides acids, alkaloids, aluminum, iodine, oxidizers, strong bases
Flammable liquids ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sodium
peroxide, halogens
Fluorine alcohol's, aldehydes, ammonia, combustible materials, halocarbons,
halogens, hydrocarbons, ketones, metals, organic acids
31
Hydrocarbons (Such as butane, acids, bases, oxidizers, plastics
propane benzene,
turpentine, etc.)
Hydrofluoric acid metals, organic materials, plastics, silica (glass)
CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBLE CHEMICAL(S)
Hydrogen peroxide acetylaldehyde, acetic acid, acetone, alcohol's carboxylic acid,
combustible materials, metals, nitric acid, organic compounds,
phosphorous, sulfuric acid, sodium, aniline
Hydrogen sulfide acetylaldehyde, metals, oxidizers, sodium
Hypochlorites acids, activated carbon
Iodine acetylaldehyde, acetylene, ammonia, metals, sodium
Mercury acetylene, aluminum, amines, ammonia, calcium, fulminic acid, lithium,
oxidizers, sodium
Nitrates acids, nitrites, metals, sulfur, sulfuric acid
Nitric acid acetic acid, acetonitrile, alcohol's, amines, (concentrated) ammonia,
aniline, bases, benzene, cumene, formic acid, ketones, metals, organic
materials, plastics, sodium, toluene
Oxalic acid oxidizers, silver, sodium chlorite
Oxygen acetaldehyde, secondary alcohol's, alkalis and alkalines, ammonia, carbon
monoxide, combustible materials, ethers, flammable materials,
hydrocarbons, metals, phosphorous, polymers
Perchloric acid acetic acid, alcohol's, aniline, combustible materials, dehydrating agents,
ethyl benzene, hydriotic acid, hydrochloric acid, iodides, ketones,
organic material, oxidizers, pyridine
Peroxides, organic acids (organic or mineral)
Phosphorus (white) oxygen (pure and in air), alkalis
Potassium acetylene, acids, alcohol's, halogens, hydrazine, mercury, oxidizers,
selenium, sulfur
Potassium chlorate acids, ammonia, combustible materials, fluorine, hydrocarbons, metals,
organic materials, sugars
Potassium perchlorate alcohol's, combustible materials, fluorine, hydrazine, metals, (also see
chlorates)organic matter, reducing agents, sulfuric acid
Potassium permanganate benzaldehyde, ethylene glycol, glycerol, sulfuric acid
Silver acetylene, ammonia, oxidizers, ozonides, peroxyformic acid
Sodium acids, hydrazine, metals, oxidizers, water
Sodium nitrate acetic anhydride, acids, metals, organic matter, peroxyformic acid,
reducing agents
Sodium peroxide acetic acid, benzene, hydrogen sulfide metals, oxidizers, peroxyformic
acid, phosphorous, reducers, sugars, water
Sulfides acids
Sulfuric acid potassium chlorates, potassium perchlorate, potassium permanganate
References:
Material Safety Data Sheets, various chemical companies
32
APPENDIX D
COMMON LABORATORY FLAMMABLE AND COMBUSTIBLE CHEMICALS
Flammable and combustible chemicals are the most commonly used hazardous chemicals. The
hazard of a flammable or combustible chemical is based on its flash point, and, in the case of a
flammable chemical, its boiling point as well. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
has identified flammability classes from the flash point and boiling point data of chemicals. The
following table lists some common flammable and combustible chemicals, their flash points and
boiling points, and associated NFPA flammability classes:
Chemical Flash Point Boiling Point NFPA Class
癋 癈 癋 癈
Acetaldehyde -38 -39 69 21 IA
Dimethyl sulfide -36 -38 99 37 IA
Ethyl ether -49 -45 95 35 IA
Ethylene oxide -20 -29 55 13 IA
Pentane -57 -49 97 36 IA
Propane -157 -105 -44 -42 IA
Benzene 12 -11 176 80 IB
Carbon disulfide -22 -30 115 46 IB
Cyclohexane -4 -20 179 81 IB
Ethyl alcohol 55 13 173 78 IB
n-Hexane -7 -22 156 69 IB
Isopropyl alcohol 53 12 180 82 IB
Methyl alcohol 52 11 149 65 IB
Methyl ethyl ketone 16 -9 176 80 IB
Pyridine 68 20 239-241 116 IB
Tetrahydrofuran 6 -14 153 67 IB
Toluene 40 4 231 111 IB
Triethylamine 20 -7 193 89 IB
tert Butyl isocyanate 80 27 185-187 85-86 IC
Chlorobenzene 82 28 270 132 IC
Epichlorohydrin 88 31 239-243 115-117 IC
2-Nitropropane 75 24 248 120 IC
Xylene 81-90 27-32 280-291 138-144 IC
Acetic Acid, glacial 103 39 244 48 II
Bromobenzene 118 48 307-316 153-158 II
Formic Acid 156 69 213 101 II
Morpholine 100 38 263 128 II
Stoddard Solvent 100-140 38-60 300-400 150-200 II
Benzaldehyde 145 63 352 178 IIIA
Cyclohexanol 154 68 322 161 IIIA
Methacrylic Acid 170 77 316 158 IIIA
Nitrobenzene 190 88 412 211 IIIA
Tetrahydronaphthalene 160 71 406 208 IIIA
Benzyl Alcohol 213 101 401 205 IIIB
Caproic Acid 215 102 400 204 IIIB
Ethylene Glycol 232 111 388 198 IIIB
Phenyl Ether 239 115 498 258 IIIB
Stearic Acid 385 196 726 386 IIIB
References: Material Safety Data Sheets and the National Fire Protection Agency document
"NFPA 321: Classification of Flammable and Combustible Liquids, 1991 Edition."
33
APPENDIX E
Flammable Liquid Storage Limits for Laboratories
Maximum Quantities of Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Sprinklered Laboratory Units Outside of Flammable Liquid Inside
Liquid Storage Areas
Excluding Quantities in Storage Cabinets or Including Quantities in Storage Cabinets or
Safety Cans Safety Cans
Maximum Quantity Maximum Quantity
Laboratory Unit Fire Flammable or Maximum Quantity Maximum Quantity
per 100 ft2 of per 100 ft2 of
Hazard Class Combustible Liquid per Laboratory Unit per Laboratory Unit
Class Laboratory Unit (gals) (gals) Laboratory Unit (gals) (gals)
A I 10 600 20 1200
I, II, IIIA 20 800 40 1600
B I 5 300 10 600
I, II, IIIA I 10 400 20 800
C I 2 150 4 300
I, II, IIIA I 4 200 8 400
D I 1.1 75 2 150
I, II, IIIA I 1.1 75 2 150
Maximum Quantities of Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Nonsprinklered Laboratory Units Outside of Flammable Liquid
Inside Liquid Storage Areas
Excluding Quantities in Storage Cabinets or Including Quantities in Storage Cabinets or
Safety Cans Safety Cans
Maximum Quantity Maximum Quantity
Laboratory Unit Fire Flammable or Maximum Quantity Maximum Quantity
2 2
per 100 ft of per 100 ft of
Hazard Class Combustible Liquid per Laboratory Unit per Laboratory Unit
Class Laboratory Unit (gals) (gals) Laboratory Unit (gals) (gals)
A I 10 300 20 600
I, II, IIIA 20 400 40 800
B I 5 150 10 300
I, II, IIIA I 10 200 20 400
C I 2 75 4 150
I, II, IIIA I 4 100 8 200
D I 1.1 37 2 75
I, II, IIIA I 1.1 37 2 75
34
Laboratories listed as Class A shall be considered high hazard laboratories and shall not be used as instructional laboratories.
Laboratories listed as Class B shall be considered intermediate hazard laboratories.
Laboratories listed as Class C shall be considered low hazard laboratories.
Laboratories listed as Class D shall be considered minimal fire hazard laboratories.
Flammable Liquid Container Size Limits
Only approved containers authorized by NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) 30 shall be used to store flammable liquids.
Flammable Class Combustible Class
Container IA IB IC II III
Glass 1 pt* 1 qt* 1.1 gal 1.1 gal 5 gal
Metal or Approved Plastic 1.1 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal
Safety Cans 2.6 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal 5 gal
Metal Drums not allowed 5 gal 5 gal 60 gal 60 gal
Polyethylene 1.1 gal 5 gal 5 gal 60 gal 60 gal
*Class IA and IB liquids may be stored up to one gallon in glass containers if liquid purity would be affected by storage in metal containers or if metal
containers could undergo excessive corrosion by the contained liquid.
35
APPENDIX F
COMMON LABORATORY CORROSIVES
ORGANIC ACIDS ORGANIC BASES INORGANIC ACIDS
Formic Acid Ethylenediamine Hydrofluoric Acid
Acetic Acid (Glacial) Ethylimine Hydrochloric Acid
Propionic Acid Tetramethylethylenediamine Hydrobromic Acid
Butyric Acid Hexamethylenediamine Hydriodic Acid
Chloroacetic Acid Trimethylamine aq. soln. Sulfuric Acid
ChromergeTM
Trichloroacetic Acid Triethylamine
No-ChromixTM
Acetyl Chloride Phenylhydrazine
Acetyl Bromide Piperazine Chlorosulfonic Acid
Chloroacetyl Chloride Hydroxylamine Sulfuryl Chloride
Oxalic Acid Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Bromine Pentafluoride
Propionyl Chloride Thionyl Chloride
Propionyl Bromide ELEMENTS Tin Chloride
Acetic Anhydride Fluorine (gas) Tin Bromide
Methyl Chloroformate Chlorine (gas) Titanium Tetrachloride
Dimethyl Sulfate Bromine (liquid) Perchloric Acid
Chlorotrimethylsilane Iodine (crystal) Nitric Acid
Dichlorodimethylsilane Phosphorus Phosphoric Acid
Phenol Phosphorus Trichloride
Benzoyl Chloride Phosphorus Tribromide
Benzoyl Bromide INORGANIC BASES Phosphorus Pentachloride
Benzyl Chloride Ammonium Hydroxide Phosphorus Pentoxide
Benzyl Bromide Calcium Hydroxide
Salicylic Acid Sodium Hydroxide
Potassium Hydroxide ACID SALTS
Calcium Hydride Aluminum Trichloride
Sodium Hydride Antimony Trichloride
Hydrazine Ammonium Bifluoride
Ammonium Sulfide Calcium Fluoride
Calcium Oxide Ferric Chloride
Sodium Bisulfate
Sodium Fluoride
References :
The Foundations of Laboratory Safety, S.. R. Rayburn, 1990.
Prudent Practices for Handling Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories, National Research
Council, 1981.
Improving Safety in the Chemical Laboratory, 2nd Ed., J. A. Young, 1991.
Material Safety Data Sheets, various chemical companies.
36
APPENDIX G
COMMON LABORATORY OXIDIZERS
Oxidizers react with other chemicals by giving off electrons and undergoing reduction.
Uncontrolled reactions of oxidizers may result in a fire or an explosion, causing severe property
damage or personal injury. Use oxidizers with extreme care and caution and follow all safe
handling guidelines specified in the MSDS.
Bleach Nitrites
Bromates Nitrous oxide
Bromine Ozanates
Butadiene Oxides
Chlorates Oxygen
Chloric Acid Oxygen difluoride
Chlorine Ozone
Chlorite Peracetic Acid
Chromates Perhaloate
Chromic Acid Perborates
Dichromates Percarbonates
Fluorine Perchlorates
Haloate Perchloric Acid
Halogens Permanganates
Hydrogen Peroxide Peroxides
Hypochlorites Persulfate
Iodates Sodium Borate Perhydrate
Mineral Acid Sulfuric Acid
Nitrates
Nitric Acid
37
APPENDIX H
Classes of Peroxidizable Chemicals
A. Chemicals that form explosive levels of peroxides without concentration
Butadienea Divinylacetylene Tetrafluoroethylenea Vinylidene chloride
Chloroprenea Isopropyl ether
B. Chemicals that form explosive levels of peroxides on concentration
Acetal Diacetylene 2-Hexanol 2-Phenylethanol
Acetaldehyde Dicyclopentadiene Methylacetylene 2-Propanol
Benzyl alcohol Diethyl ether 3-Methyl-1-butanol Tetrahydroforan
2-Butanol Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Methylcyclopentane Tetrahydronaphthalene
Cumene (diglyme) Methyl isobutyl ketone Vinyl ethers
Cyclohexanol Dioxanes 4-Methyl-2-pentanol Other secondary alcohols
2-Cyclohexen-1-ol Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether 2-Penten-1-ol
Cyclohexene (glyme) 4-Penten-1-ol
Decahydronaphthalene 4-Heptanol 1-Phenylethanol
C. Chemicals that may autopolymerize as a result of peroxide accumulation
Acrylic acidb Chlorotrifluoroethylene Vinyl acetate Vinyladiene chloride
Acrylonitrileb Methyl methacrylateb Vinylacetylene
Butadienec Styrene Vinyl chloride
Chloroprenec Tetrafluoroethylenec Vinylpyridine
D. Chemicals that may form peroxides but cannot clearly be placed in sections A-C
Acrolein tert-Butyl methyl ether Di(1-propynyl) etherf 4-Methyl-2-pentanone
Allyl etherd n-Butyl phenyl ether Di(2-propynyl) ether n-Methylphenetole
Allyl ethyl ether n-Butyl vinyl ether Di-n-propoxymethaned 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran
Allyl phenyl ether Chloroacetaldehyde diethylacetald 1,2-Epoxy-3-isopropoxypropaned 3-Methoxy-1-butyl acetate
p-(n-Amyloxy)benzoyl chloride 2-Chlorobutadiene 1,2-Epoxy-3-phenoxypropane 2-Methoxyethanol
n-Amyl ether 1-(2-Chloroethoxy)-2-phen- Ethoxyacetophenone 3-Methoxyethyl acetate
Benzyl n-butyl etherd oxyethane 1-(2-Ethoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate 2-Methoxyethyl vinyl ether
Benzyl etherd Chloroethylene 2-Ethoxyethyl acetate Methoxy-1,3,5,7-cycloocta
Benzyl ethyl etherd Chloromethyl methyl ethere (2-Ethoxyethyl)-o-benzoyl tetraene
Benzyl methyl ether ?Chlorophenetole benzoate ?Methoxypropionitrile
Benzyl 1-naphthyl etherd o-Chlorophenetole 1-Ethoxynaphthalene m-Nitrophenetole
1,2-Bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethane p-Chlorophenetole o,p-Ethoxyphenyl isocyanate 1-Octene
Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) ether Cyclooctened 1-Ethoxy-2-propyne Oxybis(2-ethyl acetate)
Bis(2-(methoxyethoxy)ethyl) Cyclopropyl methyl ether 3-Ethoxyopropionitrile Oxybis(2-ethyl benzoate)
ether Diallyl etherd 2-Ethylacrylaldehyde oxime ??Oxydipropionitrile
Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether p-Di-n-butoxybenzene 2-Ethylbutanol 1-Pentene
Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) adipate 1,2-Dibenzyloxyethaned Ethyl ?ethoxypropionate Phenoxyacetyl chloride
38
Table D Continued
D. Chemicals that may form peroxides but cannot clearly be placed in sections A-C
Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) phthalate p-Dibenzyloxybenzened 2-Ethylhexanal ?Phenoxypropionyl chloride
Bis(2-methoxyethyl) carbonate 1,2-Dichloroethyl ethyl ether Ethyl vinyl ether Phenyl o-propyl ether
Bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether 2,4-Dichlorophenetole Furan p-Phenylphenetone
Bis(2-methoxyethyl)phthalate Diethoxymethaned 2,5-Hexadiyn-1-ol n-Propylether
Bis(2-methoxymethyl) adipate 2,2-Diethoxypropane 4,5-Hexadien-2-yn-1-ol n-Propyl isopropyl ether
Bis(2-n-butoxyethyl) phthalate Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate n-Hexyl ether Sodium 8,11,14-eicosa
Bis(2-phenoxyethyl) ether Diethyl fumarated o,p-Iodophenetole tetraenoate
Bis(4-chlorobutyl) ether Diethyl acetald Isoamyl benzyl etherd Sodium ethoxyacetylidef
Bis(chloromethyl) ethere Diethylketenef Isoamyl etherd Tetrahydropyran
2-Bromomethyl ethyl ether m,o,p-Diethoxybenzene Isobutyl vinyl ether Triethylene glycol diacetate
?Bromophenetole 1,2-Diethoxyethane Isophoroned Triethylene glycol dipropionate
o-Bromophenetole Dimethoxymethaned p-Isopropoxypropionitriled 1,3,3-Trimethoxypropened
p-Bromophenetole 1,1-Dimethoxyethaned Isopropyl 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy- 1,1,2,3-Tetrachloro-1,3-
3-Bromopropyl phenyl ether Dimethylketenef acetate butadiene
1,3-Butadiyne 3,3-Dimethoxypropene Limonene 4-Vinyl cyclohexene
Buten-3-yne 2,4-Dinitrophenetole 1,5-p-Methadiene Vinylenecarbonate
tert-Butyl ethyl ether 1,3-Dioxepaned Methyl p-(n-amyloxy)benzoate Vinylidene chiorided
When stored as a liquid monomer
a
Although these chemicals form peroxides, no explosions involving these monomers
b
When stored in liquid form, these chemicals form explosive levels of peroxides without concentration. They may also be stored as a gas
c
in gas cylinders. When stored as a gas, these chemicals may autopolymerize as a result of peroxide accumulation.
These chemicals easily form peroxides and should probably be considered under part B.
d
OSHA-regulated carcinogen
e
Extremely reactive and unstable compound.
f
39
Safe Storage Period for Peroxide Forming Chemicals
Description Period
Unopened chemicals from manufacturer 18 months
Opened containers
Chemicals in Part A 3 months
Chemicals in Parts B and D 12 months
Unihibited chemicals in Part C 24 hours
12 monthsa
Inhibited chemicals in Part C
a
Do not store under inert atmosphere, oxygen required for inhibitor to function.
Sources: Kelly, Richard J., Chemical Health & Safety, American Chemical Society, 1996, Sept, 28-36
Revised 12/97
40
DETECTION AND INHIBITION OF PEROXIDES
BASIC PROTOCOLS
Ferrous Thiocyanate Detection Method
Ferrous thiocyanate will detect hydroperoxides with the following test:
1. Mix a solution of 5 ml of 1% ferrous ammonium sulfate, 0.5 ml of 1N sulfuric acid and 0.5
ml of 0.1N ammonium thiocyanate (if necessary decolorize with a trace of zinc dust)
2. Shake with an equal quantity of the solvent to be tested
3. If peroxides are present, a red color will develop
Potassium Iodide Detection Method
1. Add 1 ml of a freshly prepared 10% solution of potassium iodide to 10 ml of ethyl ether in a
25 ml glass-stoppered cylinder of colorless glass protected from light (both components are
clear)
2. A resulting yellow color indicates the presence of 0.005% peroxides
Inhibition of Peroxides
1. Storage and handling under an inert atmosphere is a useful precaution
2. Addition of 0.001% hydroquinone, diphenylamine, polyhydroxyphenols, aminophenols or
arylamines may stabilize ethers and inhibit formation of peroxides.
3. Dowex-1?has been reported effective for inhibiting peroxide formation in ethyl ether.
4. 100 ppm of 1-naphthol effective for peroxide inhibition in isopropyl ether.
5. Hydroquinone effective for peroxide inhibition in tetrahydrofuran.
6. Stannous chloride or ferrous sulfate effective for peroxide inhibition in dioxane.
Peroxides Test Strips
These test strips are available from EM Scientific, cat. No. 10011-1 or from Lab Safety Supply,
cat. No. 1162. These strips quantify peroxides up to a concentration of 25 ppm. Aldrich
Chemical has a peroxide test strip, cat. No. Z10,168-0, that measures up to 100 ppm peroxide.
The actual concentration at which peroxides become hazardous is not specifically stated in the
literature. A number of publications use 100 ppm as a control value for managing the material
safely.
Please note that these methods are BASIC protocols. Should a researcher perform one of
these methods, all safety precautions should be thoroughly researched.
Sources:
1. Furr, Keith Handbook of Lab Safety, 4th ed., CRC Press, 1995
2. Kelly, Richard J., Review of Safety Guidelines for Peroxidizable Organic Chemicals,
Chemical Health & Safety, American Chemical Society, Sept./Oct 1996
41
APPENDIX I
SHOCK SENSITIVE AND EXPLOSIVE CHEMICALS
Shock sensitive refers to the susceptibility of a chemical to rapidly decompose or explode when
struck, vibrated or otherwise agitated. Explosive chemicals are those chemicals which have a
higher propensity to explode under a given set of circumstances than other chemicals (extreme
heat, pressure, mixture with an incompatible chemical, etc.). The label and MSDS will indicate
if a chemical is shock sensitive or explosive . The chemicals listed below may be shock sensitive
or explode under a given number of circumstances and are listed only as a guide to some shock
sensitive or explosive chemicals. Follow these guidelines:
?Write the date received and date opened on all containers of shock sensitive chemicals.
Some chemicals become increasingly shock sensitive with age.
?Unless an inhibitor was added by the manufacturer, closed containers of shock sensitive
materials should be discarded after 1 year.
?Wear appropriate personal protective equipment when handling shock sensitive chemicals.
acetylene fulminate of mercury nitroguanidine
acetylides of heavy metal fulminate of silver nitroparaffins
amatex ethylene oxide nitrourea
amatol ethyl-tetryl organic nitramines
ammonal fulminating gold ozonides
ammonium nitrate fulminating mercury pentolite
ammonium perchlorate fulminating platinum perchlorates of heavy metals
ammonium picrate fulminating silver peroxides
azides of heavy metals gelatinized nitrocellulose picramic acid
baratol guanyl picramide
calcium nitrate guanyl nitrsamino picratol
chlorate guanyltetrazene picric acid
copper acetylide hydrazine picryl sulphonic acid
cyanuric triazide nitrated carbohydrate silver acetylide
cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine nitrated glucoside silver azide
dinitrophenol nitrogen triiodide tetranitromethane
dinitrophenyl hydrazine nitrogen trichloride
dinitrotoluene nitroglycerin
ednatol nitroglycide
erythritol tetranitrate nitroglycol
Mixtures:
germanium tetracene
hexanitrodiphenyamine tetrytol
hexanitrostilbene trimethylolethane
hexogen trimonite
hydrazoic acid trinitroanisole
lead azide trinitrobenzene
lead mononitroresorcinate trinitrobenzoic acid
lead styphnate trinitrocresol
mannitol hexanitrate trinitroresorcinol
sodium picramate tritonal
tetranitrocarbazole urea nitrate
References: Material Safety Data Sheets, various chemical companies
42
APPENDIX J
CARCINOGENS
The list below is a compilation of substances classified as carcinogens by either the Michigan
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (MIOSHA), the International Agency for
Research on Cancer (IARC) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP). Some of these
substances are classified as "Select Carcinogens" and require special work practices. See section
1.4 for the definition of "Select Carcinogen"
MIOSHAa IARCb NTPc
Chemical Name
Acetaldehyde 2B 2
Acetamide 2B
2-Acetylaminofluorene Class A 2
Acrylamide 2A 2
Acrylonitrile CH 2B 2
Adriamycin 2A 2
AF-2 (2-(2-Furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide) 2B
Aflatoxin M1 2B
Aflatoxins, naturally occurring 1 1
2B
A--C (2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole)
2-Aminoanthraquinone 2
p-Aminoazobenzene 2B
o-Aminoazotoluene 2B 2
4-Aminobiphenyl Class A 1 1
1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone 2
2-Amino-5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole 2B
Amitrole 2B 2
Amsacrine 2B
Analgesic mixtures containing phenacetin 1 1
Androgenic (anabolic) steroid 2A
o-Anisidine 2B
o-Anisidine hydrochloride 2
Antimony trioxide 2B
Aramite 2B
Arsenic and compounds CH 1 1
Asbestos CH 1 1
Asbestos, actinolite CH
Asbestos, anthophylite CH
Asbestos, tremolite CH
Auramine (technical-grade) 2B
Azacitidine 2A 2
Azaserine 2B
Azathioprine 1 1
Benzal chloride 2A
Benz[a]anthracene 2A 2
Benzene CH 1 1
Benzidine Class A 1 1
Benzidine-based dyes 2A
Benzo[a]pyrene 2A 2
Benzo[b]fluoranthene 2B 2
Benzo[j]fluoranthene 2B 2
Benzo[k]fluoranthene 2B 2
Benzofuran 2B
Benzotrichloride 2A 2
Benzoyl chloride 2A
Benzyl chloride 2A
Benzyl violet 4B 2B
2,2-Bis(bromomethyl)propane-1,3-diol 2B
Beryllium and certain compounds 1 2
Betel quid with tobacco 1
43
MIOSHAa IARCb NTPc
Chemical Name
N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-2-naphthylamine (chlornaphazine) 1
Bis(chloromethyl)ether (technical grade) Class A 1 1
Bischloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU) 2A 2
Bleomycins 2B
Bracken fern 2B
Bromodichloromethane 2B 2
1,3-Butadiene 2A 1
1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (Busulphan Myleran) 1 1
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) 2B 2
2B
-Butyrolactone
C.I. Acid Red 114 2B
C.I. Basic Red 9 2B 2
C.I. Direct Blue 15 2B
C.I. Citrus Red no. 2 2B
Cadmium and compounds CH 1 1
Caffeic acid 2B
Captafol 2A
Carbon tetrachloride 2B 2
Catechol 2B
Ceramic Fibres (respirable size) 2B 2
Carbon-black 2B
Carrageenan, degraded 2B
Chlorambucil 1 1
Chloramphenicol 2A
Chlordane 2B
Chlordecone (Kepone) 2B 2
Chlorendic acid 2B 2
Para-Chloroaniline 2B
Chlorinated paraffins (C12 60% Chlorine) 2B 2
2A
-Chlorinated toluenes
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) 2A 2
1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea 1 1
(Methyl-CCNU; Semustine)
Chloroform 2B 2
Chloromethyl methyl ether (technical-grade) Class A 1 1
1-Chloro-2-methylpropene 2B
3-Chloro-2-methylpropene 2
Chlorophenoxy herbicides 2B
4-Chloro-o-phenylenediamine 2B 2
Chloroprene 2B 2
Chlorothalonil 2B
p-Choro-o-toluidine and its strong acid salts 2A 2
Chlorozotocin 2A 2
Chromium (VI) compounds 1 1
Ciclosporin 1
Cisplatin 2A 2
Coal-tar pitches 1
Coal-tars 1 1
Cobalt and cobalt compounds 2B
Coffee (urinary bladder) 2B
Conjugated estrogens 1
Creosotes 2A 1
p-Cresidine 2B 2
Cupferron 2
Cycasin 2B
Cyclophosphamide 1 1
Cyclosporin A 1
DDT 2
Dacarbazine 2B 2
Dantron (Chrysazin; 1, 8-Dihydroxyanthraquinone) 2B 2
44
MIOSHAa IARCb NTPc
Chemical Name
Daunomycin 2B
N,N'-Diacetylbenzidine 2B
2,4-Diaminoanisole 2B
1,4-Diaminoanisole sulfate 2
4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl ether 2B 2
2,4-Diaminotoluene 2B 2
Dibenz[a, h]acridine 2B 2
Dibenz[a, h]anthracene 2A 2
Dibenz[a, j]acridine 2B 2
7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 2B 2
Dibenzo[a, e]pyrene 2B 2
Dibenzo[a, h]pyrene 2B 2
Dibenzo[a, i]pyrene 2B 2
Dibenzo[a, l]pyrene 2B 2
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP) CH 2B 2
2,3-Dibromopropan-1-ol 2B
p-Dichlorobenzene 2B 2
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidene dihydrochloride 2
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine Class A 2B 2
3,3'-Dichloro-4-4'-diaminodiphenyl ether 2B
1,2-Dichloroethane 2B 2
Dichloromethane 2B 2
2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid 2B
1,3-Dichloropropene (technical-grade) 2B 2
Dichlorvos 2B
Diepoxybutane 2
Diesel engine exhaust particulates 2A 2
Diesel fuel, marine 2B
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 2
1,2-Diethylhydrazine 2B
Diethyl Sulfate 2A 2
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) 1 1
Diglycidyl resorcinol ether 2B 2
Dihydrosafrole 2B
Diisopropyl sulfate 2B
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine (o-Dianisidine) 2B 2
3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine dihydrochloride 2
2,6-Dimethylaniline 2B
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine (o-Tolidine) 2B 2
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine 2A
Dimethyl sulfate 2A 2
p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene Class A 2B 2
Trans-2-[(Dimethylamino)methylimino]-5-[2-(5-nitro-2- 2B
furyl)vinyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole
Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride 2A 2
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 2B 2
Dimethyl vinyl chloride 2
3,7-Dinitrofluoranthene 2B
3,9-Dinitrofluoranthene 2B
1,6-Dinitropyrene 2B 2
1,8-Dinitropyrene 2B 2
2,4-Dinitrotoluene 2B
2,6-Dinitrotoluene 2B
1,4-Dioxane 2B 2
Direct Black 38 1
Direct Blue 6 1
Disperse blue 1 2B 2
Engine exhaust, gasoline 2B
Environmental Tobacco Smoke 1
1,2-Epoxybutane 2B
Epichlorohydrin 2A 2
45
MIOSHAa IARCb NTPc
Chemical Name
Erionite 1 1
Estrogens (not conjugated) estradiol-17? 2
Estrogens (not conjugated) estrone 2
Estrogens (not conjugated) ethinylestradiol 2
Estrogens (not conjugated) mestranol 2
Ethyl acrylate 2B
Ethylbenzene 2B
Ethylene thiourea 2B 2
Ethylene dibromide 2A 2
Ethylene oxide CH 1 1
Ethyleneimine, inhibited Class A
Ethyl methanesulfonate 2B 2
N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea 2A 2
Etoposide 2A
Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin 1
Formaldehyde (gas) CH 2A 2
2-(2-Formylhydrazino)-4-(5-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole 2B
Fowler's solution 1
Fuel oil, residual 2B
Furan 2B 2
Gasoline 2B
Gasoline engine exhaust fumes 2B
Gasoline, unleaded 2B
Glass wool (respirable size) 2B 2
Glu-P-1 (2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1, 2-a:3', 2'-d]imidazole) 2B
Glu-P-2 (2-aminodipyrido[1, 2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole) 2B
Glycidaldehyde 2B
Glycidol 2A 2
Griseofulvin 2B
HC blue 1 2B
Heptachlor 2B
Hexachlorobenzene 2B 2
Hexachlorocyclohexane (all isomers) 2B 2
Hexachloroethane 2B 2
Hexamethylphosphoramide 2B 2
Hydrazine (anhydrous) 2B 2
Hydrazine sulfate 2
Hydrazobenzene 2
Indeno[1, 2, 3-cd]pyrene 2B 2
Inorganic-acid mists, containing sulfuric acid 1
IQ (2-Amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline) 2A
Iron-dextran complex 2B 2
Isoprene 2B 2
Lasiocarpine 2B
Lead and lead compounds, inorganic 2B
Lead acetate 2
Lead phosphate 2
Lindane 2
Magenta (containing CI basic red 9) 2B
MeA-a-C (2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2, 3]indole) 2B
Medroxyprogestrone acetate 2B
MelQ (2-Amino-3, 4-dimethylimidazol[4, 5f]quinoline 2B
MelQx (2-AMino-3, 8-dimethylimidazo[4, 5-f]quinoxaline 2B
Melphalan 1 1
Merphalan 2B
5-Methoxypsoralen 2A
8-Methoxysoralen (methoxsalen) plus ultraviolet A radiation 1 1
2-Methylaziridine (propyleneimine) 2B 2
Methylazoxymethanol acetate 2B
5-Methylchrysene 2B 2
4,4'-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) (MBOCA) 2A 2
46
MIOSHAa IARCb NTPc
Chemical Name
4,4'-Methylene bis(2-methylaniline) 2B
4,4'-Methylene bis(N,N-dimethylbenzenamine) 2
4,4'-Methylenedianiline CH 2B 2
4,4'-Methylenedianiline dihydrochloride 2B 2
Methyl Mercury Compounds 2B
Methyl methanesulfonate 2A 2
2-Methyl-1-nitroanthraquinone (uncertain purity) 2B
N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) 2A 2
N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea 2A 2
N-Methyl-N-nitrosourethane 2B
Methylthiouracil 2B
Metronidazole 2B 2
Michler's ketone [4,4'-(Dimethylamino)benzophenone] 2
Mineral oils, untreated and mildly-treated 1 1
Mirex 2B 2
Mitomycin C 2B
Mitoxantrone 2B
Monocrotaline 2B
MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents 1
5-(Morpholinomethyl)-3-[(5-nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-oxazolidinone 2B
Mustard gas 1 1
Nafenopi 2B
Class A
-Naphthylamine
2-Napthylamine Class A 1 1
Nickel compounds 1
Nickel and certain nickel compounds 2
Nickel metallic, and alloys 2B
Niridazole 2B
Nitrilotriacetic acid 2B 2
Nitrilotriacetic acid and its salts 2B
5-Nitroacenaphthene 2B
2-Nitroanisole 2B 2
Nitrobenzene 2B
4-Nitrobiphenyl Class A
6-Nitrochrysene 2B 2
Nitrofen, technical-grade 2B 2
2-Nitrofluorene 2B
1-[(5-Nitrofurfurylidene)amino]-2-imidazolidinone 2B
N-[4-(5-Nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiaxolyl]acetamide 2B
Nitrogen mustard 2A
Nitrogen mustard N-oxide 2B
Nitrogen mustard hydrochloride 2
Nitromethane 2B
2-Nitropropane 2B 2
1-Nitropyrene 2B 2
4-Nitropyrene 2B 2
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine 2B 2
N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine 2B 2
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine 2B 2
N-Nitrosodiethylamine 2A 2
N-Nitrosodimethylamine Class A 2A 2
N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea 2A 2
3-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)propionitirile 2B
4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone (NNK) 2B 2
N-Nitrosomethylethylamine 2B
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea 2A 2
N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine 2B 2
N-Nitrosomorpholine 2B 2
N-Nitrosonornicotine 2B 2
N-Nitrosopiperidine 2B 2
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 2B 2
47
MIOSHAa IARCb NTPc
Chemical Name
N-Nitrososarcosine 2B 2
Norethisterone 2B 2
Ochratoxin A 2B 2
Oestrogen-progestogen therapy, post menopausal 2B
Oestrogen replacement therapy 1
Oestrogen, nonsteroidal 1
Oestrogen, steroidal 1
Oil orange ss 2B
Oral contraceptives, combined 1
Oral contraceptives, sequential 1
Oxazepan 2B
4,4'-Oxydianiline 2B 2
Oxymetholone 2
Palygorskite (long fibers, > 5 micrometers) 2B
Panfuran S (containing dihydorxymethylfuratrizine) 2B
Phenacetin 2A 2
Phenazopyridine hydrochloride 2B 2
Phenobarbital 2B
Phenolphthalein 2B 2
Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride 2B 2
Phenyl glycidyl ether 2B
Phenytoin 2B 2
Phlp (2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenyl-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine) 2B
Piperazine estrone sulfate 1
Polybrominated biphenyls 2B 2
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) 2A 2
Ponceau 3R 2B
Ponceau MX 2B
Potassium bromate 2B
Procarbazine hydroxhloride 2A 2
Progesterone 2
Progestins 2B
Progestogen-only contraceptives 2B
1,3-Propane sultone 2B 2
Class A 2B 2
-Propiolactone
Propyleneimine 2B 2
Propylene oxide 2B 2
Propylthiouracil 2B 2
Radon 222 and its decay products 1 1
Reserpine 2
Rockwool 2B
Safrole 2B 2
Selenium sulfide 2
Shale-oils 1
Silica, crystalline cristobalite (respirable size) 1 1
Silica, crystalline tridymite (respirable size) 1
Silica, crystalline quartz (respirable size) 1 1
Slagwool 2B
Sodium equilin sulfate 1
Sodium estrone sulfate 1
Sodium ortho-phenylphenate 2B
Soots 1 1
Sterigmatocystin 2B
Streptozotocin 2B 2
Strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid 1
Styrene 2B
Styrene-7,8-oxide 2A
Sulfallate 2B 2
Talc (containing asbestos fibers) 1
Tamoxifen 1 1
Tars 1
48
MIOSHAa IARCb NTPc
Chemical Name
Teniposide 2A
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin (TCDD) 1 1
Tetrachloroethylene 2A 2
Tetrafluoroethylene 2B 2
Tetranitromethane 2B 2
Thioacetamide 2B 2
4,4'-Thiodianiline 2B
Thiotepa 1 1
Thiourea 2B 2
Thorium dioxide 1
Tobacco products, smokeless 1 1
Tobacco smoke 1 1
o-Tolidine 2B 2
Toluene diisocyanates 2B 2
o-Toluidine 2A 2
o-Toluidine hydrochloride 2
Toxaphene (Polychlorinated camphenes) 2B 2
Treosulfan 1
Trichlormethine (trimustine hydrochloride) 2B
Trichloroethylene 2A 2
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol 2
1,2,3-Trichloropropane 2A 2
Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate 2A 2
Trp-P-1 (3-Amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b] indole) 2B
Trp-P-2 (3-Amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole) 2B
Trypan blue 2B
Uracil mustard 2B
Urethane 2B 2
Vinyl acetate 2B
Vinyl bromide 2A
Vinyl chloride CSA 1 1
4-Vinyl cyclohexene 2B
4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene diepoxide 2
4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide 2B
Vinyl fluoride 2A
Welding Fumes 2B
2,6-Xylidine (2,6-Dimethylaniline) 2B
Zalcitabine 2B
Zidovidine 2B
(a) Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Administration (MIOSHA):
Class A: Regulated as a known human carcinogen
CSA: listed as a Cancer Suspect Agent
CH: listed as a Cancer Hazard
(b) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC):
1. Carcinogenic to humans with sufficient epidemiological evidence
2A. Probably carcinogenic to humans with (usually) at least limited human evidence
2B. Probably carcinogenic to humans, but having (usually) no human evidence
For a complete listing of IARC carcinogens, mixtures and exposure circumstances, see
www.iarc.fr
(c) National Toxicology Program (NTP):
a. Known to be carcinogenic with evidence from human studies
b. Reasonably anticipated to be a carcinogen, with limited evidence in humans or sufficient
evidence in experimental animals
More information on NTP carcinogens can be found at: http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov
49
APPENDIX K
PELs AND TLV's FOR PARTICULARLY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
The Michigan Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) have determined safe exposure limits for work with
hazardous chemicals. The Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) are MIOSHA standards, which must
be upheld by the employer at all times. In some cases, the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) established
by ACGIH may be lower than the OSHA PEL. In these cases, employers must strive to keep
exposures as low as reasonably achievable and follow the TLV's. Substances followed by the word
skin refer to the potential for significant adsorption through the skin. Note: PELs and TLV's are
explicitly defined in the glossary section of the appendices.
50
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Abate ? 15 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 100 180 150 270 ? ? ?br>
Acetic acid 64-19-7 10 25 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Acetic anhydride 108-24-7 ? ? ? ? 5 20 ?br>
Acetone 67-64-1 750 1800 1000 2400 ? ? ?br>
Acetonitrile 75-05-8 40 70 60 105 ? ? ?br>
2-Acetylaminofluorine; 53-96-3
F
see O.H. rule 2301(1)
Acetylene dichloride;
see 1,2-Dichloroethylene
Acetylene tetrabromide 79-27-6 1 14 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) 50-78-2 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Acrolein 107-02-8 0.1 0.25 0.3 0.8 ? ? ?br>
Acrylamide 79-06-1 ? 0.03 ? ? ? ? x
Acrylic acid 79-10-7 10 30 ? ? ? ? x
F
107-13-1 2 4.34 10 21.7
Acrylonitrile; see R 325.51501 et seq.
Aldrin 309-00-2 ? 0.25 ? ? ? ? x
Allyl alcohol 107-18-6 2 5 4 10 ? ? x
Allyl chloride 107-05-1 1 3 2 6 ? ? ?br>
Allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) 106-92-3 5 22 10 44 ? ? ?br>
Allyl propyl disulfide 2179-59-1 2 12 3 18 ? ? ?br>
1344-28-1
Alumina (aluminum oxide)
? ?br>
? ? ?br>
? 5
Respirable fraction
? ? ? ?br>
? 10 ?br>
Total dust
7429-90-5
Aluminum (as Al)
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
2
?br>
Alkyls
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
Metal
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
5
?br>
Respirable dust
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
15
?br>
Total dust
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
5
?br>
Pyro powders
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
2
?br>
Soluble salts
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
?br>
5
?br>
Welding fumes*
F
92-67-1
4-Aminodiphenyl; see O.H. rule 2301(2)
2-Aminoethanol; see Ethanolamine
2-Aminopyridine 504-29-0 0.5 2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
51
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Amitrole 61-82-5 ? 0.2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Ammonia 7664-41-7 ? ? 35 27 ? ? ?br>
Ammonium chloride fume 12125-02-9 ? 10 ? 20 ? ? ?br>
Ammonium sulfamate 7773-06-0
?br>
? ?br>
5 ? ?br>
Respirable dust ?br>
?br>
? ?br>
10 ? ?br>
Total dust ?br>
n-Amyl acetate 628-63-7 100 525 ? ? ? ? ?br>
sec-Amyl acetate 626-38-0 125 650 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Aniline and homologues 62-53-3 2 8 ? ? ? ? x
Anisidine (o- and p-isomers) 29191-52-4 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? x
Antimony and compounds (as Sb) 7440-36-0 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
ANTU (alpha-naphthylthiourea) 86-88-4 ? 0.3 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Arsenic, organic compounds (as As) 7440-38-2 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Arsenic, inorganic compounds 7440-38-2 0.01
F
(as As); see R 325.51601 et seq.
Arsine 7784-42-1 0.05 0.2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
F
Asbestos; see R 325.51601 et seq. Varies 0.2f/cc 1f/cc
Atrazine 1912-24-9 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Azinphos-methyl 86-50-0 ? 0.2 ? ? ? ? x
Barium, soluble compounds (as Ba) 7440-39-3 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Barium sulfate 7727-43-7
? ? ?br>
? ?br>
Respirable dust ? 5
? ?br>
? ? ?br>
? 10
Total dust
Benomyl 17804-35-2
? ? ?br>
5 ? ?br>
Respirable dust ?br>
? ?br>
? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10
E F
71-43-2 1 3.19 5 15.97
Benzene ; see R 325.77101 et seq. and
table G-2 for limits applicable in the
operations or sectors excluded in
E
R 325.77101
Benzidine; see O.H. rule 2301(3) 92-87-5
p-Benzoquinone; see Quinone
Benzo(a)pyrene; see Coal tar pitch volatiles
Benzoyl peroxide 94-36-0 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Benzyl chloride 100-44-7 1 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be) 7440-41-7 See table G-2
Biphenyl; see Diphenyl
52
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Bismuth telluride, Undoped 1304-82-1
? ?br>
?br>
5 ? ?br>
Respirable dust ?br>
? ? ?br>
? ?br>
Total dust ? 15
Bismuth telluride, Se-doped ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Borates, Tetra, Sodium Salts
?br>
? ? ?br>
10 ?br>
Anhydrous 1330-43-4 ?br>
?br>
? ?br>
10 ? ?br>
Decahydrate 1303-96-4 ?br>
? ?br>
? ?br>
? 10 ?br>
Pentahydrate 12179-04-3
Boron oxide, Total dust 1303-86-2 ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Boron tribromide 10294-33-4 ? ? ? ? 1 10 ?br>
Boron trifluoride 7637-07-2 ? ? ? ? 1 3 ?br>
Bromacil 314-40-9 1 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Bromine 7726-95-6 0.1 0.7 0.3 2 ? ? ?br>
Bromine pentafluoride 7789-30-2 0.1 0.7 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Bromoform 75-25-2 0.5 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
F
106-99-0 1 2.2 5 11.1 ? ? ?br>
1,3-Butadiene; see R 325.50091 et seq.
Butane 106-97-8 800 1900 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Butanethiol; see Butyl mercaptan
2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone) 78-93-3 200 590 300 885 ? ? ?br>
2-Butoxyethanol 111-76-2 25 120 ? ? ? ? x
n-Butyl acetate 123-86-4 150 710 200 950 ? ? ?br>
sec-Butyl acetate 105-46-4 200 950 ? ? ? ? ?br>
tert-Butyl acetate 540-88-5 200 950 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Butyl acrylate 141-32-2 10 55 ? ? ? ? ?br>
n瑽utyl alcohol (n-butanol) 71-36-3 ? ? ? ? 50 150 x
sec-Butyl alcohol (sec-butanol) 78-92-2 100 305 ? ? ? ? ?br>
tert-Butyl alcohol (tert-butanol) 75-65-0 100 300 150 450 ? ? ?br>
Butylamine 109-73-9 ? ? ? ? 5 15 x
Tert-Butyl chromate (as CrO3) 1189-85-1 ? ? ? ? ? 0.1 x
n-Butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) 2426-08-6 25 135 ? ? ? ? ?br>
n-Butyl lactate 138-22-7 5 25 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Butyl mercaptan 109-79-5 0.5 1.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
o-sec-Butylphenol 89-72-5 5 30 ? ? ? ? x
p-tert-Butyltoluene 98-51-1 10 60 20 120 ? ? ?br>
F
7440-43-9 ? 0.005 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Cadmium; see R 325.51851 et seq.
53
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Calcium carbonate, 1317-65-3
? ?br>
? ? ?br>
5
Respirable dust ?br>
? ?br>
? ? ?br>
15
Total dust ?br>
Calcium cyanamide 156-62-7 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Calcium hydroxide 1305-62-0 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Calcium oxide 1305-78-8 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Calcium silicate, 1344-95-2
? ? ?br>
? 5 ? ?br>
Respirable dust
? ?br>
? ?br>
? 15 ?br>
Total dust
Calcium sulfate, 7778-18-9
? ?br>
? ? ?br>
Respirable dust ? 5
? ?br>
?br>
? ?br>
15
Total dust ?br>
Camphor, synthetic 76-22-2 ? 2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Caprolactam, 105-60-2
? ? ?br>
3
? 1 ?br>
Dust
? ? ?br>
20 10 40
Vapor 5
R
Captafol (Difolatan ) 2425-06-1 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Captan 133-06-2 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
R
Carbaryl (Sevin ) 63-25-2 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
R
Carbofuran (Furadan ) 1563-66-2 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Carbon black 1333-86-4 ? 3.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Carbon dioxide 124-38-9 10,000 18,000 30,000 54,000 ? ? ?br>
Carbon disulfide 75-15-0 4 12 12 36 ? ? x
Carbon monoxide 630-08-0 35 40 ? ? 200 229 ?br>
Carbon tetrabromide 558-13-4 0.1 1.4 0.3 4 ? ? ?br>
Carbon tetrachloride (Tetrachloromethane) 56-23-5 2 12.6 ? ? ? ? x
Carbonyl fluoride 353-50-4 2 5 5 15 ? ? ?br>
Catechol (Pyrocatechol) 120-80-9 5 20 ? ? ? ? x
Cellulose, 9004-34-6
? ?br>
?br>
? ?br>
Respirable dust ? 5
? ?br>
?br>
15 ? ?br>
Total dust ?br>
Cesium hydroxide 21351-79-1 ? 2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Chlordane 57-74-9 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? x
Chlorinated camphene (Toxaphone) 8001-35-2 ? 0.5 ? 1 ? ? x
Chlorinated diphenyl oxide 55720-99-5 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
or
31242-93-0
54
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Chlorine 7782-50-5 0.5 1.5 1 3 ? ? ?br>
Chlorine dioxide 10049-04-4 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.9 ? ? ?br>
Chlorine trifluoride 7790-91-2 ? ? ? ? 0.1 0.4 ?br>
Chloroacetaldehyde 107-20-0 ? ? ? ? 1 3 ?br>
2-Chloroacetophenone (Phenacyl chloride) 532-27-4 0.5 0.3 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Chloroacetyl chloride 79-04-9 0.5 0.2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 75 350 ? ? ? ? ?br>
o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile 2698-41-1 ? ? ? ? 0.05 0.4 x
Chlorobromomethane 74-97-5 200 1050 ? ? ? ? ?br>
2-Chloro-1,3-butadiene; see ?Chloroprene
Chlorodifluoromethane 75-45-6 1000 3500 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Chlorodiphenyl (42% Chlorine) (PCB) 53469-21-9 ? 1 ? ? ? ? x
Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine) (PCB) 11097-69-1 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? x
1-Chloro-2,3-epoxy propane;
see Epichlorohydrin
2-Chloroethanol; see Ethylene chlorohydrin
Chloroethylene; see Vinyl chloride
Chloroform (Trichloromethane) 67-66-3 2 9.78 ? ? ? ? ?br>
bis (Chloromethyl) ether; 542-88-1
F
see O.H. Rule 2301(4)
Chloromethyl methyl ether; 107-30-2
see O.H. rule 2301(8)
1-Chloro-1-nitropropane 600-25-9 4 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Chloropentafluoroethane 76-15-3 1000 6320 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Chloropicrin 76-06-2 0.1 0.7 ? ? ? ? ?br>
beta-Chloroprene 126-99-8 10 35 ? ? ? ? x
o-Chlorostyrene 2039-87-4 50 285 75 428 ? ? ?br>
o-Chlorotoluene 95-49-8 50 250 ? ? ? ? ?br>
2-Chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine, 1929-82-4
?br>
? ? ? ?br>
Respirable dust ? 5
? ? ?br>
?br>
? 15 ?br>
Total dust
Chlorpyrifos 2921-88-2 ? 0.2 ? ? ? ? x
Chromic acid and chromates Varies with ? ? ? ? ? 0.1 ?br>
3
(as CrO ) compound
Chromium (II) compounds (as Cr) 7440-47-3 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Chromium (III) compounds (as Cr) 7440-47-3 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Chromium metal (as Cr) 7440-47-3 ? 1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
55
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Chrysene; see Coal tar pitch volatile
Clopidol 2971-90-6
? ?br>
? ?br>
? 5 ?br>
Respirable dust
?br>
? ? ?br>
? 15 ?br>
Total dust
Coal dust (less than 5% SiO2)
Respirable quartz dust ? ? 2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Coal dust (greater than or equal to 5% SiO2),
Respirable dust ? ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Coal tar pitch volatile (as benzene solubles) 65996-93-2 ? 0.2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
anthracene, BaP, phenanthrene,
acridine, crysene, pyrene
Cobalt metal, dust, and fume (as Co) 7440-48-4 ? 0.05 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Cobalt carbonyl (as Co) 10210-68-1 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Cobalt hydrocarbonyl (as Co) 16842-03-8 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Coke oven emissions; ? 0.15 (150
3
F
ug/m )
see R 325.50101 et seq.
Copper, 7440-50-8
?br>
? ?br>
? ?br>
Dusts and mists (as Cu) ? 1
?br>
? ? ?br>
?br>
Fume (as Cu) ? 0.1
Cotton dust (raw) ? 1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Crag herbicide (Sesone) 136-78-7
? ?br>
? ?br>
? 10 ?br>
Total dust
?br>
? ?br>
5 ? ?br>
Respirable fraction ?br>
Cresol, all isomers 1319-77-3 5 22 ? ? ? ? x
Crotonaldehyde 123-73-9 2 6 ? ? ? ? ?br>
4170-30-3
Crufomate 299-86-5 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Cumene 98-82-8 50 245 ? ? ? ? x
Cyanamide 420-04-2 ? 2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Cyanides (as CN) Varies with
compound ? 5 ? ? ? ? x
Cyanogen 460-19-5 10 20 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Cyanogen chloride 506-77-4 ? ? ? ? 0.3 0.6 ?br>
Cyclohexane 110-82-7 300 1050 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Cyclohexanol 108-93-0 50 200 ? ? ? ? x
Cyclohexanone 108-94-1 25 100 ? ? ? ? x
Cyclohexene 110-83-8 300 1015 ? ? ? ? ?br>
56
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Cyclohexylamine 108-91-8 10 40 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Cyclonite 121-82-4 ? 1.5 ? ? ? ? x
Cyclopentadiene 542-92-7 75 200 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Cyclopentane 287-92-3 600 1720 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Cyhexatin 13121-70-5 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
2,4-D (Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 94-75-7 ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Decaborane 17702-41-9 0.05 0.3 0.15 0.9 ? ? x
R
Demeton (Systox ) 8065-48-3 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
Diacetone alcohol
(4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone) 123-42-2 50 240 ? ? ? ? ?br>
1,2-Diaminoethane; see Ethylenediamine
Diazinon 333-41-5 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
Diazomethane 334-88-3 0.2 0.4 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Diborane 19287-45-7 0.1 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
2-N-Dibutylaminoethanol 102-81-8 2 14 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Dibutyl phosphate 107-66-4 1 5 2 10 ? ? ?br>
Dibutyl phthalate 84-74-2 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Dichloroacetylene 7572-29-4 ? ? ? ? 0.1 0.4 ?br>
o-Dichlorobenzene 95-50-1 ? ? ? ? 50 300 ?br>
p-Dichlorobenzene 106-46-7 75 450 110 675 ? ? ?br>
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine; 91-94-1
F
see O.H. rule 2301(5)
Dichlorodifluoromethane 75-71-8 1000 4950 ? ? ? ? ?br>
1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethyl hydantoin 118-52-5 ? 0.2 ? 0.4 ? ? ?br>
Dichlorodiphenyltri-chloroethane (DDT) 50-29-3 ? 1 ? ? ? ? x
1,1-Dichloroethane 75-34-3 100 400 ? ? ? ? ?br>
1,2-Dichloroethylene 540-59-0 200 790 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Dichloroethyl ether 111-44-4 5 30 10 60 ? ? x
Dichlorofluoromethane 75-43-4 10 40 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Dichloromethane; see Methylene chloride
1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 594-72-9 2 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
1,2-Dichloropropane;
see Propylene dichloride
1,3-Dichloropropene 542-75-6 1 5 ? ? ? ? x
2,2-Dichloropropionic acid 75-99-0 1 6 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 76-14-2 1000 7000 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Dichlorvos (DDVP) 62-73-7 ? 1 ? ? ? x
?br>
57
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Dicrotophos 141-66-2 ? 0.25 ? ? ? ? x
Dicyclopentadiene 77-73-6 5 30 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Dicyclopentadienyl iron, 102-54-5
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Dieldrin 60-57-1 ? 0.25 ? ? ? ? x
Diethanolamine 111-42-2 3 15 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Diethylamine 109-89-7 10 30 25 75 ? ? ?br>
2-Diethylaminoethanol 100-37-8 10 50 ? ? ? ? x
Diethylene triamine 111-40-0 1 4 ? ? ? ? x
Diethyl ether; see Ethyl ether
Diethyl ketone 96-22-0 200 705 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Diethyl phthalate 84-66-2 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Difluorodibromomethane 75-61-6 100 860 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Diglycidyl ether (DGE) 2238-07-5 0.1 0.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Dihydroxybenzene; see Hydroquinone
Diisobutyl ketone 108-83-8 25 150 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Diisopropylamine 108-18-9 5 20 ? ? ? ? x
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene; 60-11-7
F
see O.H. rule 2301(6)
Dimethoxymethane; see Methylal
Dimethyl acetamide 127-19-5 10 35 ? ? ? ? x
Dimethylamine 124-40-3 10 18 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Dimethylaminobenzene; see Xylidine
Dimethylaniline (N,N-Dimethylaniline) 121-69-7 5 25 10 50 ? ? x
Dimethylbenzene; see Xylene
Dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2,2-
dichloroethyl phosphate 300-76-5 ? 3 ? ? ? ? x
Dimethylformamide 68-12-2 10 30 ? ? ? ? x
2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone;
see Diisobutyl ketone
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 57-14-7 0.5 1 ? ? ? ? x
Dimethylphthalate 131-11-3 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Dimethyl sulfate 77-78-1 0.1 0.5 ? ? ? ? x
Dinitolmide (3,5-Dinitro-o-toluamide) 148-01-6 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
58
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
? 1 ? ? ? ? x
Dinitrobenzene (all isomers)
(meta-) 99-65-0
(ortho) 528-29-0
(para-) 100-25-4
Dinitro-o-cresol 534-52-1 ? 0.2 ? ? ? ? x
Dinitrotoluene 25321-14-6 ? 1.5 ? ? ? ? x
Dioxane (Diethylene dioxide) 123-91-1 25 90 ? ? ? ? x
Dioxathion (Delnav) 78-34-2 ? 0.2 ? ? ? ? x
Diphenyl (Biphenyl) 92-52-4 0.2 1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Diphenylamine 122-39-4 ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Diphenylmethane diisocyanate; see
Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate
Dipropylene glycol methyl ether 34590-94-8 100 600 150 900 ? ? x
Dipropyl ketone 123-19-3 50 235 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Diquat 2768-72-9 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Di-sec-octyl phthalate
[Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate] 117-81-7 ? 5 ? 10 ? ? ?br>
Disulfiram 97-77-8 ? 2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Disulfoton 298-04-4 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-cresol 128-37-0 ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
(Butylated hydroxytoluene)
Diuron 330-54-1 ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Divinyl benzene 1321-74-0 10 50 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Emery, 1302-74-5
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Endosulfan 115-29-7 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
Endrin 72-20-8 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
Epichlorohydrin 106-89-8 2 8 ? ? ? ? x
EPN 2104-64-5 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? x
1,2-Epoxypropane; see Propylene oxide
2,3-Epoxy-1-propanol; see Glycidol
Ethanethiol; see Ethyl mercaptan
Ethanolamine 141-43-5 3 8 6 15 ? ? ?br>
Ethion 563-12-2 ? 0.4 ? ? ? ? x
2-Ethoxyethanol (EGEE) 110-80-5 200 740 ? ? ? ? x
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate (Cellosolve acetate) 111-15-9 100 540 ? ? ? ? x
59
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Ethyl acetate 141-78-6 400 1400 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Ethyl acrylate 140-88-5 5 20 25 100 ? ? x
Ethyl alcohol (Ethanol) 64-17-5 1000 1900 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Ethylamine 75-04-7 10 18 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Ethyl amyl ketone (5-Methyl-3-heptanone) 541-85-5 25 130 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Ethyl benzene 100-41-4 100 435 125 545 ? ? ?br>
Ethyl bromide 74-96-4 200 890 250 1100 ? ? ?br>
Ethyl butyl ketone (3-Heptanone) 106-35-4 50 230 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Ethyl chloride 75-00-3 1000 2600 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Ethyl ether 60-29-7 400 1200 ? 500 1500 ? ?br>
Ethyl formate 109-94-4 100 300 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Ethyl mercaptan 75-08-1 0.5 1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Ethyl silicate 78-10-4 10 85 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Ethylene chlorohydrin 107-07-3 ? ? ? ? 1 3 x
Ethylenediamine 107-15-3 10 25 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Ethylene dibromide 106-93-4 See table G-2
Ethylene dichloride 107-06-2 1 4 2 8 ? ? ?br>
Ethylene glycol 107-21-1 ? ? ? ? 50 125 ?br>
628-96-6 ? ? ? 0.1 ? ? x
Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN)
Ethylene glycol methyl acetate (EGME);
see Methyl cellosolve acetate
Ethyleneimine; see O.H. rule 2301(7) 151-56-4
F
75-21-8 1 1.8 5 9.0
Ethylene oxide; see R 325.51151 et seq. - - -
Ethylidene chloride; see 1,1-Dichloroethane
Ethylidene norbornene 16219-75-3 ? ? ? ? 5 25 ?br>
N-Ethylmorpholine 100-74-3 5 23 ? ? ? ? x
Fenamiphos 22224-92-6 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
Fensulfothion (Dasanit) 115-90-2 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Fenthion 55-38-9 ? 0.2 ? ? ? ? x
Ferbam, Dust 14484-64-1 ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Ferrovanadium dust 12604-58-9 ? 1 ? 3 ? ? ?br>
Fluorides (as F) Varies with ? 2.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
compound
Fluorine 7782-41-4 0.1 0.2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Fluorotrichloromethane
(Trichlorofluoromethane) 75-69-4 ? ? ? ? 1000 5600 ?br>
Fonofos 944-22-9 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
60
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
F
50-00-0 0.75 0.9 2 2.5
Formaldehyde; see R 325.51451 et seq.
Formamide 75-12-7 20 30 30 45 ? ? ?br>
Formic acid 64-18-6 5 9 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Furfural 98-01-1 2 8 ? ? ? ? x
Furfuryl alcohol 98-00-0 10 40 15 60 ? ? x
Gasoline 8006-61-9 300 900 500 1500 ? ? ?br>
Germanium tetrahydride 7782-65-2 0.2 0.6 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Glutaraldehyde 111-30-8 ? ? ? ? 0.2 0.8 ?br>
Glycerin, 56-81-5
Respirable mist ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total mist ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Glycidol 556-52-5 25 75 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Glycol monoethyl ether; see 2-
Ethoxyethanol
Grain dust (Oat, wheat, barley) ? ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Graphite, natural
Respirable dust 7782-42-5 ? 2.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Graphite, synthetic, ?br>
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
R
Guthion ; see Azinphos methyl
Gypsum, 13397-24-5
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 15 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Hafnium 7440-58-6 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Heptachlor 76-44-8 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? x
Heptane (n-Heptane) 142-82-5 400 1600 500 2000 ? ? ?br>
Hexachlorobutadiene 87-68-3 ? 0.02 0.24 ? ? ? ?br>
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 77-47-4 0.01 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Hexachloroethane 67-72-1 1 10 ? ? ? ? x
Hexachloronaphthalene 1335-87-1 ? 0.2 ? ? ? ? x
Hexafluoroacetone 684-16-2 0.1 0.7 ? ? ? ? x
n-Hexane 110-54-3 50 180 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Hexane isomers Varies with 500 1800 1000 3600 ? ? ?br>
compound
2-Hexanone (Methyl n-butyl ketone) 591-78-6 5 20 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Hexone (Methyl isobutyl ketone) 108-10-1 50 205 75 300 ? ? ?br>
61
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
sec-Hexyl acetate 108-84-9 50 300 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Hexylene glycol 107-41-5 ? ? ? ? 25 125 ?br>
Hydrazine 302-01-2 0.1 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
Hydrogenated terphenyls 61788-32-7 0.5 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Hydrogen bromide 10035-10-6 ? ? ? ? 3 10 ?br>
Hydrogen chloride 7647-01-0 ? ? ? ? 5 7 ?br>
Hydrogen cyanide 74-90-8 ? ? 4.7 5 ? ? x
Hydrogen fluoride (as F) 7664-39-3 3 ? 6 ? ? ? ?br>
Hydrogen peroxide 7722-84-1 1 1.4 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Hydrogen selenide (as Se) 7783-07-5 0.05 0.2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Hydrogen sulfide 7783-06-4 10 14 15 21 ? ? ?br>
Hydroquinone 123-31-9 ? 2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
2-Hydroxypropyl acrylate 999-61-1 0.5 3 ? ? ? ? x
Indene 95-13-6 10 45 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Indium and compounds (as In) 7440-74-6 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Iodine 7553-56-2 ? ? ? ? 0.1 1 ?br>
Iodoform 75-47-8 0.6 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Iron oxide fume 1309-37-1 ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Iron pentacarbonyl (as Fe) 13463-40-6 0.1 0.8 0.2 1.6 ? ? ?br>
Iron salts (soluble) (as Fe) Varies with
compound ? 1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Isoamyl acetate 123-92-2 100 525 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Isoamyl alcohol (primary and secondary) 123-51-3 100 360 125 450 ? ? ?br>
Isobutyl acetate 110-19-0 150 700 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Isobutyl alcohol 78-83-1 50 150 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Isooctyl alcohol 26952-21-6 50 270 ? ? ? ? x
Isophorone 78-59-1 4 23 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Isophorone diisocyanate 4098-71-9 0.005 ? 0.02 ? ? ? x
2-Isopropoxyethanol 109-59-1 25 105 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Isopropyl acetate 108-21-4 250 950 310 1185 ? ? ?br>
Isopropyl alcohol 67-63-0 400 980 500 1225 ? ? ?br>
Isopropylamine 75-31-0 5 12 10 24 ? ? ?br>
N-Isopropylaniline 768-52-5 2 10 ? ? ? ? x
Isopropyl ether 108-20-3 500 2100 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Isopropyl glycidyl ether (IGE) 4016-14-2 50 240 75 360 ? ? ?br>
62
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Kaolin, ?br>
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Ketene 463-51-4 0.5 0.9 1.5 3 ? ? ?br>
Lead inorganic (as Pb); 7439-92-1 ? 0.05 ? ? ? ? ?br>
3
F
(50 ug/m )
see R 325.51901 et seq.
Limestone, (calcium carbonate) 1317-65-3
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 15 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Lindane 58-89-9 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? x
Lithium hydride 7580-67-8 ? 0.025 ? ? ? ? ?br>
L.P.G. (Liquified petroleum gas) 68476-85-7 1000 1800 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Magnesite, 546-93-0
Respirable dust
? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust
? 15 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Magnesium oxide fume, 1309-48-4 ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total particulate
Malathion dust 121-75-5 ? 10 ? ? ? ? x
Maleic anhydride 108-31-6 1 ? ? ? ? ? ?br>
Manganese, 7439-96-5
Compounds (as Mn) ? ? ? ? ? 5 ?br>
Fume (as Mn) ? 1 ? 3 ? ? ?br>
Manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl
(as Mn) 12079-65-1 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
Manganese tetroxide (as Mn) 1317-35-7 ? 1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Marble (calcium carbonate), 1317-65-3
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 15 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Mercury 7439-97-6
Inorganic and aryl compounds (As Hg) ? ? 0.1 x
?br>
? ?br>
Organic compounds (as Hg) ? x
?br>
? 0.03
? 0.01
Vapor (as Hg) x
? ? ?br>
0.05 ?br>
?br>
Mesityl oxide 141-79-7 15 60 25 100 ? ? ?br>
Methacrylic acid 79-41-4 20 70 ? ? ? ? x
Methanethiol; see Methyl mercaptan
Methomyl (Lannate) 16752-77-5 ? 2.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
63
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Methoxychlor dust 72-43-5 ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
2-Methoxyethanol; see Methyl cellosolve
4-Methoxyphenol 150-76-5 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Methyl acetate 79-20-9 200 610 250 760 ? ? ?br>
Methyl acetylene (Propyne) 74-99-7 1000 1650 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Methyl acetylene-propadiene mixture
(MAPP) ? 1000 1800 1250 2250 ? ? ?br>
Methyl acrylate 96-33-3 10 35 ? ? ? ? x
Methylacrylonitrile 126-98-7 1 3 ? ? ? ? x
Methylal (Dimethoxymethane) 109-87-5 1000 3100 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Methyl alcohol 67-56-1 200 260 250 325 ? ? x
Methylamine 74-89-5 10 12 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Methyl amyl alcohol;
see Methyl isobutyl carbinol
Methyl n-amyl ketone 110-43-0 100 465 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Methyl bromide 74-83-9 5 20 ? ? ? ? x
Methyl n-butyl ketone; see 2-Hexanone
Methyl cellosolve (2-Methoxyethanol) 109-86-4 25 80 ? ? ? ? x
Methyl cellosolve acetate
(2-Methoxyethyl acetate) 110-49-6 25 120 ? ? ? ? x
Methyl chloride 74-87-3 50 105 100 210 ? ? ?br>
Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane) 71-55-6 350 1900 450 2450 ? ? ?br>
Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate 137-05-3 2 8 4 16 ? ? ?br>
Methylcyclohexane 108-87-2 400 1600 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Methylcyclohexanol 25639-42-3 50 235 ? ? ? ? ?br>
o-Methylcyclohexanone 583-60-8 50 230 75 345 ? ? x
Methylcyclopentadienyl
manganese tricarbonyl (as Mn) 12108-13-3 ? 0.2 ? ? ? ? x
Methyl demeton 8022-00-2 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? x
4,4'-Methylene bis (2-chloroaniline)
(MBOCA) 101-14-4 0.02 0.22 ? ? ? ? x
Methylene bis (4-cyclohexylisocyanate) 5124-30-1 ? ? ? ? 0.01 0.11 ?br>
Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate (MDI) 101-68-8 ? ? ? ? 0.02 0.2 ?br>
Methylene chloride, see R 325.51651 et 75-09-2 25 87 125 434
F
seq.
3
Methylenedianiline (MDA); 101-77-9 0.08 0.8 mg/m ? ? ?br>
10 ppb** 100 ppb**
3
F
mg/m
see R 325.50051 et seq.
64
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK); see 2-Butanone
Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) 1338-23-4 ? ? ? ? 0.7 5 ?br>
Methyl formate 107-31-3 100 250 150 375 ? ? ?br>
Methyl hydrazine 60-34-4 ? ? ? ? 0.2 0.35 x
Methyl iodide 74-88-4 2 10 ? ? ? ? x
Methyl isoamyl ketone 110-12-3 50 240 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Methyl isobutyl carbinol 108-11-2 25 100 40 165 ? ? x
Methyl isobutyl ketone; see Hexone
Methyl isocyanate (MIC) 624-83-9 0.02 0.05 ? ? ? ? x
Methyl isopropyl ketone 563-80-4 200 705 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Methyl mercaptan 74-93-1 0.5 1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Methyl methacrylate 80-62-6 100 410 ? ? ? ?br>
Methyl parathion 298-00-0 ? 0.2 ? ? ? ? x
Methyl propyl ketone; see 2-Pentanone
Methyl silicate 681-84-5 1 6 ? ? 5 30 ?br>
alpha-Methyl styrene 98-83-9 50 240 100 485 ? ? ?br>
Metribuzin 21087-64-9 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Mica; see Silicates
Molybdemun, (as Mo) 7439-98-7
Insoluble compounds ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Soluble compounds ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
R
Monocrotophos (Azodrin ) 6923-22-4 ? 0.25 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Monomethyl aniline 100-61-8 0.5 2 ? ? ? ? x
Morpholine 110-91-8 20 70 30 105 ? ? x
Naphtha (Coal tar) 8030-30-6 100 400 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Naphthalene 91-20-3 10 50 15 75 ? ? ?br>
alpha-Naphthylamine; 134-32-7
F
see O.H. rule 2301(10)
beta-Naphthylamine; 91-59-8
F
see O.H. rule 2301(11)
Nickel carbonyl (as Ni) 13463-39-3 0.001 0.007 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Nickel, 7440-02-0
Metal and insoluble compounds (as Mi) ? 1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Soluble compounds (as ni) ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Nicotine 54-11-5 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? x
Nitric acid 7697-37-2 2 5 4 10 ? ? ?br>
Nitric oxide 10102-43-9 25 30 ? ? ? ? ?br>
65
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
p-Nitroaniline 100-01-6 ? 3 ? ? ? ? x
Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 1 5 ? ? ? ? x
p-Nitrochlorobenzene 100-00-5 ? 1 ? ? ? ? x
F
92-93-3
4-Nitrodiphenyl; see O.H. rule 2301(12)
Nitroethane 79-24-3 100 310 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Nitrogen dioxide 10102-44-0 ? ? 1 1.8 ? ? ?br>
Nitrogen trifluoride 7783-54-2 10 29 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Nitroglycerin 55-63-0 ? ? ? 0.1 ? ? x
Nitromethane 75-52-5 100 250 ? ? ? ? ?br>
1-Nitropropane 108-03-2 25 90 ? ? ? ? ?br>
2-Nitropropane 79-46-9 10 35 ? ? ? ? ?br>
N-Nitrosodimethylamine; 62-75-9
F
see O.H. rule 2301(13)
Nitrotoluene
o-isomer 88-72-2
? ? x
11 ? ?br>
2
m-isomer 99-08-1
p-isomer 99-99-0
Nitrotrichloromethane; see Chloropicrin
Nonane 111-84-2 200 1050 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Octachloronaphthalene 2234-13-1 ? 0.1 ? 0.3 ? ? x
Octane 111-65-9 300 1450 375 1800 ? ? ?br>
Oil mist, mineral 8012-95-1 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Osmium tetroxide (as Os) 20816-12-0 ? 0.002 ? 0.006 ? ? ?br>
Oxalic acid 144-62-7 ? 1 ? 2 ? ? ?br>
Oxygen difluoride 7783-41-7 ? ? ? ? 0.05 0.1 ?br>
Ozone 10028-15-6 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 ? ? ?br>
Paraffin wax fume 8002-74-2 ? 2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Paraquat, respirable dust 1910-42-5 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
2074-50-2
4685-14-7
Parathion 56-38-2 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
Particulates not otherwise regulated, ?br>
Respirable dust ? ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? ? 15 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Pentaborane 19624-22-7 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.03 ? ? ?br>
Pentachloronaphthalene 1321-64-8 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? x
Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? x
66
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Pentaerythritol, 115-77-5
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Pentane 109-66-0 600 1800 750 2250 ? ? ?br>
2-Pentanone (Methyl propyl ketone) 107-87-9 200 700 250 875 ? ? ?br>
Perchloroethylene (Tetrachloroethylene) 127-18-4 25 170 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Perchloromethyl mercaptan 594-42-3 0.1 0.8 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Perchloryl fluoride 7616-94-6 3 14 6 28 ? ? ?br>
Perlite 93763-70-3
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 15 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Petroleum distillates (Naphtha) 400 1600 ? ? ? ? ?br>
(Rubber solvent)
Phenol 108-95-2 5 19 ? ? ? ? x
Phenothiazine 92-84-2 ? 5 ? ? ? ? x
p-Phenylenediamine 106-50-3 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
Phenyl ether, vapor 101-84-8 1 7 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Phenyl ether-biphenyl mixture, vapor ? 1 7 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Phenylethylene; see Styrene
Phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) 122-60-1 1 6 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Phenylhydrazine 100-63-0 5 20 10 45 ? ? x
Phenyl mercaptan 108-98-5 0.5 2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Phenylphosphine 638-21-1 ? ? ? ? 0.05 0.25 ?br>
Phorate 298-02-2 ? 0.05 ? 0.2 ? ? x
R
Phosdrin (Mevinphos ) 7786-34-7 ? 0.1 ? 0.3 ? ? x
Phosgene (Carbonyl chloride) 75-44-5 0.1 0.4 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Phosphine 7803-51-2 0.3 0.4 1 1 ? ? ?br>
Phosphoric acid 7664-38-2 ? 1 ? 3 ? ? ?br>
Phosphorus (yellow) 7723-14-0 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Phosphorus oxychloride 10025-87-3 0.1 0.6 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Phosphorus pentachloride 10026-13-8 ? 1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Phosphorus pentasulfide 1314-80-3 ? 1 ? 3 ? ? ?br>
Phosphorus trichloride 7719-12-2 0.2 1.5 0.5 3 ? ? ?br>
Phthalic anhydride 85-44-9 1 6 ? ? ? ? ?br>
m-Phthalodinitrile 626-17-5 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
67
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Picloram, 1918-02-1
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Picric acid 88-89-1 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
Piperazine dihydrochloride 142-64-3 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Pindone (2-Pivalyl-1,3-indandione) 83-26-1 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Plaster of Paris (Calcium sulfate), 26499-65-0
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 15 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Platinum (as Pt) 7440-06-4
Metal ? 1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Soluble salts ? 0.002 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Portland cement, 65997-15-1
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Potassium hydroxide 1310-58-3 ? ? ? ? ? 2 ?br>
Propane 74-98-6 1000 1800 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Propargyl alcohol 107-19-7 1 2 ? ? ? ? x
beta-Propriolactone; see O.H. rule 57-57-8
F
2301(14)
Propionic acid 79-09-4 10 30 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Propoxur (Baygon) 114-26-1 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
n-Propyl acetate 109-60-4 200 840 250 1050 ? ? ?br>
n-Propyl alcohol 71-23-8 200 500 250 625 ? ? ?br>
n-Propyl nitrate 627-13-4 25 105 40 170 ? ? ?br>
Propylene dichloride 78-87-5 75 350 110 510 ? ? ?br>
Propylene glycol dinitrate 6423-43-4 0.05 0.3 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Propylene glycol monomethyl ether 107-98-2 100 360 150 540 ? ? ?br>
Propylene imine 75-55-8 2 5 ? ? ? ? x
Propylene oxide 75-56-9 20 50 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Propyne; see Methyl acetylene
Pyrethrum 8003-34-7 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Pyridine 110-86-1 5 15 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Quinone 106-51-4 0.1 0.4 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Resorcinol 108-46-3 10 45 20 90 ? ? ?br>
68
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Rhodium,
Insoluble compounds (as Rh) 7440-16-6 ? ?br>
? ? ?br>
? 0.1
Metal fume (as Rh) ? ? ?br>
0.1 ? ?br>
?br>
Soluble compounds (as Rh) ? ?br>
? ? ?br>
? 0.001
Ronnel 299-84-3 ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Rosin core solder pyrolysis products,
as formaldehyde ? ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Rotenone 83-79-4 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Rouge, ?br>
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Selenium compounds (as Se) 7782-49-2 ? 0.2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Selenium hexafluoride (as Se) 7783-79-1 0.05 0.4 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Silica, amorphous, precipitated and gel 112926-00-8 ? 6 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Silica, amorphous, diatomaceous earth,
containing less than 1% crystalline silica 61790-53-2 ? 6 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Silica, crystalline cristobalite,
Respirable dust 14464-46-1 ? 0.05 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Silica, crystalline quartz,
Respirable dust 14808-60-7 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Silica, crystalline tridymite,
Respirable dust 15468-32-3 ? 0.05 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Silica, crystalline tripoli,
Respirable dust 1317-95-9 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Silica, fused,
Respirable dust 60676-86-0 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Silicates (less than 1% crystalline silica)
Mica, respirable dust 12001-26-2 ? 3 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Soapstone, total dust ? ? 6 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Soapstone, respirable dust ? ? 3 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Talc (containing asbestos); use
asbestos limit ? R 325.51311 et seq., Asbestos for General Industry
Talc (containing no asbestos),
respirable dust 14807-96-6 ? 2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Tremolite R 325.51311 et seq., Asbestos for General Industry
69
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Silicon, 7440-21-3
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Silicon carbide, 409-21-2
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Silicon tetrahydride 7803-62-5 5 7 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Silver, metal and soluble compounds (as Ag) 7440-22-4 ? 0.01 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Soapstone; see Silicates
Sodium azide 26628-22-8
(as HN3) ? ? ? ? 0.1 ? x
(as NaN3) ? ? ? ? ? 0.3 x
Sodium bisulfite 7631-90-5 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Sodium fluoroacetate 62-74-8 ? 0.05 ? 0.15 ? ? x
Sodium hydroxide 1310-73-2 ? ? ? ? ? 2 ?br>
Sodium metabisulfite 7681-57-4 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Starch, 9005-25-8
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 15 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Stibine 7803-52-3 0.1 0.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Stoddard solvent 8052-41-3 100 525 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Strychnine 57-24-9 ? 0.15 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Styrene 100-42-5 50 215 100 425 ? ? ?br>
Subtilisins (Proteolytic enzymes) 9014-01-1 ? ? ? 0.00006 ? ? ?br>
(60 min.)
Sucrose, 57-50-1
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 15 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Sulfur dioxide 7446-09-5 2 5 5 10 ? ? ?br>
Sulfur hexafluoride 2551-62-4 1000 6000 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Sulfuric acid 7664-93-9 ? 1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Sulfur monochloride 10025-67-9 ? ? ? ? 1 6 ?br>
Sulfur pentafluoride 5714-22-7 ? ? ? ? 0.01 0.1 ?br>
Sulfur tetrafluoride 7783-60-0 ? ? ? ? 0.1 0.4 ?br>
Sulfuryl fluoride 2699-79-8 5 20 10 40 ? ? ?br>
Sulprofos 35400-43-2 ? 1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
R
Systox ; see Demeton
70
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) 93-76-5 ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Talc; see Silicates
Tantalum, metal and oxide dust 7440-25-7 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
TEDP (Sulfotep) 3689-24-5 ? 0.2 ? ? ? ? x
Tellurium and compounds (as Te) 13494-80-9 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Tellurium hexafluoride (as Te) 7783-80-4 0.02 0.2 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Temephos, 3383-96-8
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
TEPP 107-49-3 ? 0.05 ? ? ? ? x
Terphenyls 26140-60-3 ? ? ? ? 0.5 5 ?br>
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro-2, 2-difluoro-ethane 76-11-9 500 4170 ? ? ? ? ?br>
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro-1, 2-difluoro-ethane 76-12-0 500 4170 ? ? ? ? ?br>
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 79-34-5 1 7 ? ? ? ? x
Tetrachloroethylene; see Perchloroethylene
Tetrachloromethane;
see Carbon tetrachloride
Tetrachloronaphthalene 1335-88-2 ? 2 ? ? ? ? x
Tetraethyl lead (as Pb) 78-00-2 ? 0.075 ? ? ? ? x
Tetrahydrofuran 109-99-9 200 590 250 735 ? ? ?br>
Tetramethyl lead (as Pb) 75-74-1 ? 0.075 ? ? ? ? x
Tetramethyl succinonitrile 3333-52-6 0.5 3 ? ? ? ? x
Tetranitromethane 509-14-8 1 8 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate 7722-88-5 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Tetryl (2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine) 479-45-8 ? 1.5 ? ? ? ? x
Thallium, soluble compounds (as Tl) 7440-28-0 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
4,4'-Thiobis (6-tert-butyl-m-cresol) 96-69-5
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Thioglycolic acid 68-11-1 1 4 ? ? ? ? x
Thionyl chloride 7719-09-7 ? ? ? ? 1 5 ?br>
Thiram 137-26-8 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Tin, Inorganic compounds (except oxides)
(as Sn) ? ? ?br>
?br>
2 ?br>
7440-31-5 ?br>
Organic compounds (as Sn) x
0.1
7440-31-5 ?br>
? ? ?br>
?br>
Oxides (as Sn) 2
21651-19-4 ? ? ?br>
? ?br>
?br>
71
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Titanium dioxide 13463-67-7
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Toluene 108-88-3 100 375 150 560 ? ? ?br>
Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate (TDI) 584-84-9 0.005 0.04 0.02 0.15 ? ? ?br>
m-Toluidine 108-44-1 2 9 ? ? ? ? x
o-Toluidine 95-53-4 5 22 ? ? ? ? x
p-Toluidine 106-49-0 2 9 ? ? ? ? x
Toxaphene; see Chlorinated camphene
Tremolite; see Silicates
Tributyl phosphate 126-73-8 0.2 2.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Trichloroacetic acid 76-03-9 1 7 ? ? ? ? ?br>
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 120-82-1 ? ? ? ? 5 40 ?br>
1,1,1-Trichloroethane; see Methyl
chloroform
1,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-00-5 10 45 ? ? ? ? x
Trichloroethylene 79-01-6 50 270 200 1080 ? ? ?br>
Trichloromethane; see Chloroform
Trichloronaphthalene 1321-65-9 ? 5 ? ? ? ? x
1,2,3-Trichloropropane 96-18-4 10 60 ? ? ? ? ?br>
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 76-13-1 1000 7600 1250 9500 ? ? ?br>
Triethylamine 121-44-8 10 40 15 60 ? ? ?br>
Trifluorobromomethane 75-63-8 1000 6100 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Trimellitic anhydride 552-30-7 0.005 0.04 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Trimethylamine 75-50-3 10 24 15 36 ? ? ?br>
Trimethyl benzene 25551-13-7 25 125 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Trimethyl phosphite 121-45-9 2 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
2,4,6-Trinitrophenol; see Picric acid
2,4,6-Trinitrophenylmethylnitramine;
see Tetryl
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) 118-96-7 ? 0.5 ? ? ? ? x
Triorthocresyl phosphate 78-30-8 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? x
Triphenyl amine 603-34-9 ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Triphenyl phosphate 115-86-6 ? 3 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Tungsten 7440-33-7
?br>
Insoluble compounds (as W) ? 5 ? 10 ?br>
Soluble compounds (as W) ? 1 ? 3 ? ?br>
Turpentine 8006-64-2 100 560 ? ? ? ? ?br>
72
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Uranium (as U) 7440-61-1
? ?br>
0.6 ?br>
0.2 ?br>
Insoluble compounds ?br>
? ?br>
? ? ?br>
Soluble compounds ? 0.05
n-Valeraldehyde 110-62-3 50 175 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Vanadium pentoxide 1314-62-1
Fume (as V2O5) ? 0.05 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Respirable dust (as V2O5) ? 0.05 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Vegetable oil mists ?br>
Respirable mist ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total mist ? 15 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Vinyl acetate 108-05-4 10 30 20 60 ? ? ?br>
Vinyl benzene; see Styrene
Vinyl bromide 593-60-2 5 20 ? ? ? ? ?br>
F
Vinyl chloride; see 325.51401 et seq. 75-01-4 1 2.5 5 12.8
Vinyl cyanide; see Acrylonitrile
Vinyl cyclohexene dioxide 106-87-6 10 60 ? ? ? ? x
Vinylidene chloride (1,1-Dichloroethylene) 75-35-4 1 4 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Vinyl toluene 25013-15-4 100 480 ? ? ? ? ?br>
VM & P Naphtha 8032-32-4 300 1350 400 1800 ? ? ?br>
Warfarin 81-81-2 ? 0.1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
? ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Welding fumes (Total particulate)*
Wood dust, all soft and hard woods
(except Western red cedar) ? ? 5 ? 10 ? ? ?br>
Wood dust, Western red cedar ? ? 2.5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Xylenes (o-,m-,p-isomers) 1330-20-7 100 435 150 655 ? ? ?br>
(Dimethyl benzene)
m-Xylene alpha, alpha'-diamine 1477-55-0 ? ? ? ? ? 0.1 x
Xylidine 1300-73-8 2 10 ? ? ? ? x
Yttrium 7440-65-5 ? 1 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Zinc chloride fume 7646-85-7 ? 1 ? 2 ? ? ?br>
Zinc Chromate (as Cro3) Varies with ? ? ? ? ? 0.1 ?br>
compound
Zinc oxide fume 1314-13-2 ? 5 ? 10 ? ? ?br>
Zinc oxide, 1314-13-2
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
73
TABLE G-1-A. EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINANTS
A D
Substance CAS No. TWA STEL Ceiling
B 3C B 3C B 3C
ppm mg/m ppm mg/m ppm mg/m Skin
Designation
Zinc stearate 557-05-1
Respirable dust ? 5 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Total dust ? 10 ? ? ? ? ?br>
Zirconium compounds (as Zr) 7440-67-7 ? 5 ? 10 ? ? ?br>
74
* As determined from breathing-zone air samples.
** Parts per billion.
A The CAS number is for information only. Enforcement is based on the substance name. For
an entry covering more than 1 metal compound measured as the metal, the CAS number for
the metal is given-not the CAS number for the individual compounds.
B Parts of vapor or gas per million parts of comtaminated air by volume at 25?760 torr.
C Approximate milligrams of substance per cubic meter of air.
D Duration is for 15 minutes, unless otherwise noted.
E The final benzene standard in R 325.77101 et seq. applies to all occupational exposures to
benzene, except some subsegments of industry where exposures are consistently under the
action level. These subsegments include the distribution and sale of fuels, sealed containers
and pipelines, coke production, oil and gas drilling and production, natural gas processing,
and the percentage exclusion for liquid mixtures. For the excepted subsegments, the benzene
limits in table G-2 apply.
F Caution--this rule contains extensive requirements for exposure to these substances.
TABLE G-2
EXPOSURE LIMITS FOR AIR CONTAMINATES
Acceptable maximum peak above the acceptable
8-hour, time- Acceptable ceiling
Substances ceiling concentration for an 8-hour workshift.
weighted average concentration
Concentration Maximum duration
10 ppm 25 ppm 50 ppm 10 minutes
S Benzene
3 3 3
Beryllium and beryllium compounds 30 minutes
2 礸/m 5 礸/m 25 礸/m
20 ppm 30 ppm 50 ppm 5 minutes
S Ethylene dibromide
Note: S above signifies that skin contact shall not be allowed.
NOC Not otherwise classified
f/cc fibers/cubic centimeter
(C) TLV-ceiling - the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working
exposure.
Skin Substances that pass through the skin at a significant rate. Exposure assesment must take into
account any exposure via the inhalation route and skin route.
TWA Time璚eighted瑼verage = The time weighted averagean employee's exposure divided by the length of
the work shift. Most commonly calculated with a continuous monitoring device worn by the employee
over the entire work-day. If, for example, the employee is exposed to 8 ppm chloroform vapor in an 1
hour period, with no exposure the rest of the workshift (7-hrs), their TWA is 1 ppm chloroform for the
day.
STEL Short Term Exposure Limit = the maximum concentration to which workers can be exposed in 15
minutes, limited to four times a day, with at least 60 minutes between each exposure period.
75
APPENDIX L
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS SUBJECT TO PRIOR APPROVAL FROM ORCBS
Biological Materials - please contact the Biological Safety Officer from the ORCBS
Radioactive Materials - please contact the Radiation Safety Officer from the ORCBS
Contact the ORCBS at 355-0153 before purchasing or using any of these substances in a
Michigan State University laboratory unit:
MIOSHA Class 'A' Carcinogens:
2-Acetylaminofluorene
4-Aminodiphenyl (4-aminobiphenyl)
Benzidine
bis-Chloromethyl ether
3-3'-Dichlorobenzidine (and its salts)
4-Dimethylaminoazobezene
Ethyleneimine
Methylchloromethyl ether
alpha-Naphthylamine
beta-Naphthylamine
4-Nitrobiphenyl
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
beta-Propiolactone
The following chemicals have MIOSHA specific regulations. Contact the ORCBS if employee
exposure to these chemicals could exceed the occupational health limits:
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Acrylonitrile
Inorganic arsenic
Lead
Benzene
Vinyl Chloride
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)
76
APPENDIX M
See Human Resources Web link for most updated forms.
http://www.hr.msu.edu
1. Michigan State University Exposure To Health Risk Information
2. Authorization to Invoice MSU
3. Report Of Claimed Occupational Injury Or Illness
Map of Lansing
77
APPENDIX N - MSU CHEMICAL SAFETY LABORATORY CHECKLIST
Location: Safety Rep:
PI: Inspection Date:
Department: Inspected By:
GENERAL
Yes No NA 1. Emergency phone numbers are posted on the laboratory door.
2. Warning signs are posted on doors.
Yes No NA
Yes No NA 3. Right-to-Know law bulletin is posted within department.
Yes No NA 4. All personnel know how to obtain MSDSs.
5. All personnel have received Lab Specific Training.
Yes No NA
Yes No NA 6. All personnel have received ORCBS Lab Safety Training.
Yes No NA 7. Lab coats are available.
7a. Lab coats are worn.
Yes No NA
8. Chemical protective gloves are available.
Yes No NA
Yes No NA 8a. Reusable gloves are in good condition.
Yes No NA 9. Safety glasses/goggles are available.
9a. Safety glasses/goggles are worn.
Yes No NA
Yes No NA 10. An eyewash fountain is present (deck, drench, combo, faucet, plumbed, portable).
Yes No NA 10a. Eyewash/shower is unobstructed.
10b. Eyewash test log is available.
Yes No NA
Yes No NA 10c. Eyewash design, location and quantity is adequate.
Yes No NA 11. An emergency shower is present (in room, in hallway, in neighboring lab).
Yes No NA 12. Food and beverage are not stored or used in lab.
13. Aisles are uncluttered and without a tripping hazard.
Yes No NA
Yes No NA 14. Chemical spill kits are available.
Yes No NA 15. Non-contaminated sharp objects labeled, puncture-proof containers.
16. Fume hoods have current ORCBS inspection sticker.
Yes No NA
Yes No NA 17. All exit ways are free and unobstructed.
Yes No NA 18. Fire extinguishers are available and unobstructed.
Yes No NA 19. Fire extinguishers have DPPS tag and are sealed.
20. Current inventory of chemicals is available.
Yes No NA
Yes No NA 21. Chemical Hygiene Plan is available.
Yes No NA 22. Laboratory SOP's are available.
CHEMICAL STORAGE AND HANDLING
1. Gas cylinders are properly secured.
Yes No NA
2. No leaking containers are present.
Yes No NA
Yes No NA 3. All chemical containers are properly labeled.
Yes No NA 4. Chemicals are stored according to compatibility.
5. Peroxide forming reagents are dated when opened.
Yes No NA
Yes No NA 6. Peroxide forming reagents are disposed of or tested after expiration date.
Yes No NA 7. Flammable and corrosive storage areas are labeled.
8. Flammables are kept away from sources of heat, ignition, flames, etc.
Yes No NA
Yes No NA 9. Corrosive materials are stored low to the ground.
Yes No NA 10. Carcinogen storage area(s) is labeled.
Yes No NA 11. Chemicals in the open are kept to a minimum.
12. Flammable/Combustible liquids do not exceed NFPA storage limits.
Yes No NA
Yes No NA 13. Flammable/Combustible liquid total volume is not greater than 10 gallons.
Yes No NA 14. Flammable gases are not present.
15. Poisonous gases are not present.
Yes No NA
CHEMICAL WASTE
1. Hazardous waste containers are labeled and have closed lids.
Yes No NA
Yes No NA 2. Hazardous waste tags are complete.
Yes No NA 3. Hazardous wastes are not stored beyond 90 days.
APPENDIX O
POLICY FOR TERMINATION OF LABORATORY AND CONTAINMENT AREA USE
OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Whenever a Principal Investigator or Laboratory Supervisor (or a person under their charge
performing work with hazardous materials in their laboratory) leaves the university or is
transferred to a different location, proper disposition of hazardous materials is required. This
includes faculty, staff, post-doctoral and graduate students.
If improper management of hazardous materials at close-out requires removal services from an
outside contractor, the responsible department will be charged for this service.
Hazardous Chemical Disposal in Laboratories and Containment Areas
The following procedures should be completed before the responsible individual leaves the
university or transfers to a different location on campus.
? Assure that all containers of chemicals are labeled with the name of the chemical. All
containers must be securely closed. Beakers, flasks, evaporating dishes, etc., should be
emptied. Hazardous chemical wastes must not be sewered or trashed; they must be collected
for disposal.
? Clean chemicals from glassware and assure proper waste disposal guidelines are followed.
Never pour chemical residues down the sink unless it is specified by the MSU Hazardous
Waste Disposal Guide that this is the safe and preferred method of disposal.
? Check refrigerators, freezers, fume hoods, storage cabinets and bench tops for chemical
containers and thoroughly clean these locations.
? If another room or facility (such as a freezer or refrigerator, stock rooms, etc.) is shared with
other researchers, remove, transfer or dispose of items used by the departing researcher.
? Contact the ORCBS for pick-up of hazardous waste at least one week prior to vacating the
lab.
? For gas cylinders, remove regulators, replace cap and return to supplier. If cylinders are non-
returnable, refer to the MSU Hazardous Waste Disposal Guide. Gas cylinders used in the
containment area must be decontaminated prior to return.
As an alternative to disposal, if the chemical is still usable, transfer the responsibility of the
chemical to another P.I. or supervisor who is willing to take charge of the chemical.
Follow all guidelines in the MSU Hazardous Waste Disposal Guide for disposal of unwanted
chemicals. The ORCBS will pick up all hazardous waste provided:
? All chemical containers are properly labeled as "hazardous waste" and are accompanied with
a completely filled out hazardous waste tag.
? All containers are securely closed.
Notify the department when laboratories or containment area/rooms have been cleared.
79
Transportation of Chemicals on Campus
The following procedures should be completed by individuals who have usable chemicals which
are to be moved to a different laboratory.
? Assure that all containers of chemicals are labeled with the name of the chemical. All
containers must be securely closed. Beakers, flasks, evaporating dishes, etc., should be
emptied. Stock solutions should be transferred to containers intended for use in
transportation such as screw cap bottles. Transportation requirements for usable chemicals
is the same as that for hazardous waste.
? Chemicals offered for shipment must be grouped together on lab benches or on shelves to
facilitate removal.
? For gas cylinders, remove regulators and replace cap. Attach a tag with the name of the
person responsible for the material, a contact person, and a phone number.
? A licensed transporter should be contacted to package and deliver the materials to the new
location. ORCBS will help in making a proper selection.
? Persons intending to transport chemical materials themselves should contact ORCBS.
Disposal of Controlled Substances
The United States Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) issues permits for controlled substances.
There are several considerations when disposing of controlled substances.
? Abandonment of a controlled substance is a violation of the DEA permit under which it is
held.
? Permission to transfer ownership of a controlled substance must be received from the DEA.
? Controlled substances being held by a licensed individual and to be surrendered for
destruction must be inventoried on DEA Form 41 and mailed to:
Drug Enforcement Administration
231 West Lafayette
357 Federal Building
Detroit, Michigan 488226
For copies of DEA Form 41 please contact the ORCBS.
? If controlled substances for which the licensee is unknown are found, contact ORCBS
immediately.
Disposal of Biological Materials
Animal Tissue
? If tissue is held in a liquid preservative, the tissue and liquid should be separated.
? Large animal parts or whole animals will be picked up by ULAR and incinerated. Small
animal parts and tissues should be placed in a biohazard waste bag for incineration.
? Liquid preservative usually needs to be disposed as a hazardous waste. Contact the ORCBS
for assistance. Do not assume that the preservative can be sewered.
80
? If appropriate disposal is uncertain, contact the ORCBS at 355-0153.
? Defrost and clean refrigerators and freezers if they are empty.
? If samples need to be saved, locate the PI or supervisor to take responsibility for them.
Microorganisms And Cultures
? Use an autoclave to decontaminate all liquid culture waste, and dispose of it as outlined in
the MSU Hazardous Waste Disposal Guide.
? If the material cannot be decontaminated, place it in a biohazard bag for incineration.
? Clean and disinfect incubators, drying or curing ovens, refrigerators and freezers.
? If samples need to be saved, locate the PI or supervisor to take responsibility for them.
Transportation of Biological Materials on Campus
All biological materials* that are of potential risk to humans and/or animals must be stored and
transported in a primary and secondary container. Primary containers can be culture tubes,
flasks, vials etc. All containers must meet the following requirements:
? Rigid
? Puncture resistant
? Leak proof
? Impervious to moisture
? Of sufficient strength to prevent tearing or bursting under normal conditions of use and
handling
? Sealed to prevent leakage during transport
? Labeled with a biohazard or infectious substance label
All containers should be accompanied by a list of content, the person responsible for this
material, a contact person and phone number.
If materials are to be transported in liquid nitrogen or with other protection from ambient or
higher temperatures, all containers and packaging should be capable withstanding very low
temperatures, and both primary and secondary packaging must be able to withstand a pressure
differential of at least 95 kPa and temperatures in the range of - 40癈 to + 50癈. If the material
is perishable, warnings should appear on accompanying documents, e.g., "Keep cool, between +
2癈 and + 4癈."
For all shipment requirements of biological materials off campus contact the ORCBS at 355-
0153.
* Infectious substances: viable microorganisms, including a bacterium, virus, rickettsia,
fungus, or a recombinant, hybrid or mutant, that are known or reasonably believed to cause
disease in animals or humans.
* Diagnostic specimens: any human or animal material including but not limited to, excreta,
secreta, blood and its components, tissue and tissue fluids.
81
Radioisotopes
Close Out Procedures for Radioactive Materials Use Areas
Prior to close-out of radioactive materials use areas, release of radioactive use equipment and/or
radioactive materials approvals, it is the responsibility of the approved principal investigator and
the department to assure that the following steps have been completed.
1. Contact a Health Physicist to notify ORCBS of the intended transfer or close out. At that
time, the materials to be moved will be reviewed. If necessary, a visit will be scheduled for
ORCBS to go to the laboratory and provide guidance for segregating, labeling and packing
the materials to be relocated. It is helpful to request a copy of the most recent inventory of
radioactive materials possessed by the principal investigator to facilitate the close-out,
transfer and waste disposal process.
2. The ORCBS must authorize any transfers to other principal investigators or to off campus
licensees prior to the transfer. The receiving principal investigator must be approved for
the nuclide and quantity of activity, and must not exceed the authorized amount after
receipt of the transferred material. The shipments must be transferred in the ORCBS
inventory database tracking system.
3. An inventory of the materials to be transferred must be supplied to the ORCBS prior to the
transfer.
4. Package the radioactive materials in strong tight containers. Each container must be
contained and segregated properly according to the nuclide and amount of activity in the
material, whether it is waste, stock vials, sealed sources, contaminated equipment, samples,
etc.
5. Schedule a pickup of the radioactive materials with the ORCBS. All radioactive
materials must be transported by the ORCBS; transfer by the laboratory staff is
prohibited if the materials are to be moved in a vehicle.
6. After the removal of all radioactive materials, sources and waste, perform a survey of the
entire laboratory, including all use, storage and disposal areas. (Note: refrigerators and
freezers, community use areas, incubators, fume hoods and all other areas which may
potentially be contaminated must be included in the survey). Document this survey in the
safety records. If contamination is found, it must be decontaminated prior to release to
new occupants. No further use of radioactive materials in the room is allowed until the
close-out is finalized and the room or areas is released by ORCBS.
7. Contact a Health Physicist and arrange for a formal ORCBS close-out survey. This must
be completed, with records maintained, before new occupants may move into the area.
Warning labels may then be removed. Records of decommissioning radiation surveys will
be sent to the principal investigator, and will be available upon request for new occupants.
8. Prior to moving radioactive materials into a new use area, principal investigators must
obtain prior approval from the Radiation Safety Officer. New rooms to be occupied must
be approved for radioactive materials use, and facilities must be appropriate for the types
and quantities of radioactive materials to be used.
9. Equipment used for or with radioactive materials must be surveyed and released by the
ORCBS prior to transfer to other locations or users.
10. Note that all contaminated areas, equipment, materials etc., must be decontaminated to the
unrestricted area release limits before release or must be treated as radioactive and
managed accordingly.
82
Some other tips which will help with planning relocation of radioactive materials, or release of
equipment and other items used for radioactive materials are:
稭aterials must be in containers which are tightly sealed or capped.
稦or liquids, it is recommended that parafilm be wrapped around the caps to prevent
volatilization or leakage if caps loosen.
稥ach container must be labeled clearly with the nuclide, date, quantity and chemical
form.
稰ut smaller bottles and containers in secondary containers which are lined with plastic,
and place absorbent material between containers to prevent breakage.
稶se strong boxes with strong bottoms which will not tear or break. (DOT approved
boxes are the most effective.)
稤o not pack boxes and containers with more than 50 pounds of material.
稦or materials which must be kept at frozen or ultra-frozen temperatures, pack the
materials in dry ice just prior to pick up by ORCBS. We do not have cold temperature
maintenance capabilities in our transport vehicles.
稨ave storage facilities ready at the receiving location, and radiation workers present to
receive and properly store radioactive materials.
稭aterials found leaking or contaminated on the outside will not be moved. Check each
package in advance (wipe the package and monitor with the correct radiation detection
instrument) to assure the integrity of the package.
稥quipment which has been used for radioactive materials, such as refrigerators,
incubators or any other equipment, must be surveyed prior to relocation and released
by the ORCBS.
稟n equipment release form must be affixed to each piece or package of equipment
which will be moved by Physical Plant or intended to go to Salvage. (This documents
that the equipment has been checked and is safe for release to the general public.)
稩f materials or equipment are going to be routed out as regular trash, it must be
surveyed prior to dumping and certified free of radioactive contamination.
Mixed Hazards
Occasionally it is necessary to dispose of materials that contain more than one of the above
hazards. Contact the ORCBS (355-0153) for chemical, radioactive or biological agent
assistance.
Equipment
If laboratory equipment is to be left for the next occupant, clean or decontaminate it before
departing the laboratory. Attached is an Equipment Release Form that should be used to certify
that the equipment was decontaminated. If exhaust or filtration equipment has been used with
extremely hazardous substances or organisms, alert the ORCBS.
83
If laboratory equipment is to be discarded, be aware that capacitors, transformers, mercury
switches, mercury thermometers, radioactive sources and chemicals must be removed before
disposal. Contact the ORCBS for assistance.
Equipment potentially contaminated with radioisotopes must be surveyed by the ORCBS prior to
release or use by other persons.
Shared Storage Areas
One of the most problematic situations is the sharing of storage units such as refrigerators,
freezers, cold rooms, stock rooms, waste collection areas, etc., particularly if no one has been
assigned to manage the unit. Departing researchers must carefully survey any shared facility in
order to locate and appropriately dispose of their hazardous materials.
Regulatory Impact
Mishandling of hazardous materials can result in citations, fines and/or loss of right to use
hazardous materials. Adverse publicity is also a frequent result.
84
APPENDIX P
EQUIPMENT RELEASE FORM
Date: Location of Origin:
Principal Investigator:
Destination/Service Department:
Service to be Performed:
Type of Equipment:
Contaminated (Yes/NO):
Contaminants Identified/Suspected:
Method of Decontamination:
Name of Person Decontaminating:
Please Print
I certify that the above listed equipment is free of contamination or hazardous agents and
that it is safe to release to unrestricted areas and/or perform the work described above on
this equipment.
Signature of Responsible Person
85
APPENDIX Q
INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY - OVERVIEW
Chemical Toxicology
Toxicology is the study of the nature and action of chemical poisons.
Toxicity is the ability of a chemical molecule or compound to produce injury once it reaches a
susceptible site in or on the body.
Toxicity hazard is the probability that injury will occur considering the manner in which the
substance is used.
Dose-Response Relationship
The potential toxicity (harmful action) inherent in a substance is exhibited only when that
substance comes in contact with a biological system. A chemical normally thought of as
"harmless" may evoke a toxic response if added to a biological system in sufficient amount. The
toxic potency of a chemical is thus defined by the response that is produced in a biological
system.
Routes of Entry into the Body
There are four main routes by which hazardous chemicals enter the body:
?Inhalation: Absorption through the respiratory tract. Most important in terms of
severity.
?Skin absorption or absorption through the mucous membranes.
?Ingestion: Absorption through the digestive tract. Can occur through eating or
smoking with contaminated hands or in contaminated work areas.
?Injection: Introduction of toxin into bloodstream; can occur by accidental needle
stick or puncture of skin with a sharp object.
Exposure Limits as Related to Routes of Entry
Most exposure standards are based on the inhalation route of exposure. They are normally
expressed in terms of parts per million (ppm) or milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m )
concentration in air.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established Permissible
Exposure Limits (PELs) and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) has established Threshold Limit Values (TLV's) for employee exposure limits. In
many instances, the PEL and TLV are represented as the same number. In the instances where
one is lower than the other, it is a prudent safety practice to maintain exposures at the lowest
level achievable.
If a significant route of exposure for a substance is through skin contact, the TLV or PEL will
have a "skin" notation. Examples are pesticides, carbon tetrachloride, cyanides, ethylenediamine
and thallium.
86
Appendix K of this document lists PELs and TLV's for many hazardous chemicals. For a more
complete list, see the ACGIH publication "Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and
Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices." The latest editions lists both TLV's and
PELs.
Types of Effects
Acute poisoning is characterized by rapid absorption of the substance when the exposure is
sudden and severe. Normally, a single large exposure is involved. Examples are carbon
monoxide or cyanide poisoning.
Chronic poisoning is characterized by prolonged or repeated exposures of a duration measured
in days, months or years. Symptoms may not be immediately apparent. Examples are lead or
mercury poisoning, or pesticide exposure.
Local refers to the site of action of an agent where the action takes place at the point or area of
contact. The site may be skin, mucous membranes, the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal system,
eyes, etc. Absorption does not necessarily occur. Examples are strong acids or alkalis.
Systemic refers to a site of action other than the point of contact and presupposes absorption has
taken place. For example, an inhaled material may act on the liver. For example, inhaled
benzene affects the bone marrow.
Cumulative poisons are characterized by materials that tend to build up in the body as a result of
numerous chronic exposures. The effects are not seen until a critical body burden is reached.
Examples are heavy metals.
Synergistic or potentiating effects occur when two or more hazardous materials present at the
same time have a resulting action greater than the effect predicted based on the individual
substances. For example, workers exposed to benzene may show a direct toxicity in
hematopoietic tissue and therefore be more susceptible to oxygen-displacing agents such as
carbon monoxide.
Other Factors Affecting Toxicity
Rate of entry and route of exposure - how fast the toxic dose is delivered and by what means.
Age - can effect the capacity to repair damaged tissue.
Previous exposure - can lead to tolerance, increased sensitivity, or make no difference.
State of health, medications, physical condition, and life style - can affect the toxic response.
Pre-existing disease can result in increased sensitivity.
Environmental factors - temperature and pressure, for example, can affect exposure.
Host factors - genetic predisposition and the sex of the exposed individual.
Physical Class Affects on Toxicity
When considering the toxicity of gases and vapors, the solubility of the substance is a key
factor. Highly soluble materials like ammonia irritate the upper respiratory tract. On the other
hand, relatively insoluble materials like nitrogen dioxide penetrate deep into the lung. Fat
soluble materials, like pesticides, tend to have longer residence times in the body.
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An aerosol is composed of solid or liquid particles of microscopic size dispersed in a gaseous
medium. The toxic potential of an aerosol is only partially described by its concentration in
milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). For a proper assessment of the toxic hazard, the size of the
aerosol's particles is important. Particles above 1 micrometer tend to deposit in the upper
respiratory tract. Particles less than 1 micrometer in diameter enter the lung. Very small
particles ( < 0.2 祄) are generally not deposited.
Physiological Classifications of Toxic Materials
Irritants are materials that cause inflammation of mucous membranes with which they come in
contact. Inflammation of tissue results from concentration far below those needed to cause
corrosion. Examples include:
? ammonia ? alkaline dusts and mists
? hydrogen chloride ? hydrogen fluoride
? halogens ? ozone
? phosgene ? diethyl/dimethyl sulfate
? nitrogen dioxide ? phosphorus chlorides
? arsenic trichloride
Irritants can also cause changes in the mechanics of respiration and lung function. Examples
include:
? sulfur dioxide ?acetic acid
? formaldehyde ?formic acid
? sulfuric acid ?acrolein
? iodine
Long term exposure to irritants can result in increased mucous secretions and chronic bronchitis.
A primary irritant exerts no systemic toxic action because the products formed on the tissue of
the respiratory tract are non-toxic or because the irritant action is far in excess of any systemic
toxic action. Example: hydrogen chloride.
A secondary irritant's effect on mucous membranes is over-shadowed by a systemic effect
resulting from absorption. Examples include:
?hydrogen sulfide
?aromatic hydrocarbons
Exposure to a secondary irritant can result in pulmonary edema, hemorrhage, and tissue necrosis.
Corrosives are chemicals which may cause visible destruction of or irreversible alterations in
living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. Examples include:
?sulfuric acid ?potassium hydroxide
?chromic acid ?sodium hydroxide
Asphyxiants have the ability to deprive tissue of oxygen.
Simple asphyxiants are inert gases that displace oxygen. Examples include:
?nitrogen ?helium
?carbon dioxide ?argon
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Chemical asphyxiants render the body incapable of utilizing an adequate oxygen supply. They
are toxic at very low concentrations (few ppm). Examples include:
?carbon monoxide
?cyanides
?hydrogen sulfide
Primary anesthetics have a depressant effect upon the central nervous system. Particularly the
brain. Examples include:
?halogenated hydrocarbons
?alcohols
Hepatotoxic agents cause damage to the liver. Examples include:
?carbon tetrachloride
?nitrosamines
?tetrachloroethane
Nephrotoxic agents cause damage to the kidneys. Examples include:
?halogenated hydrocarbons
?uranium compounds
Neurotoxic agents damage the nervous system. The nervous system is especially sensitive to
organometallic compounds and certain sulfide compounds. Examples include:
? trialkyl tin compounds ?methyl mercury
? organic phosphorus insecticides ?manganese
? tetraethyl lead ?carbon disulfide
? thallium
Hematopoietic (blood) system agents either directly affect blood cells or bone marrow
Examples include:
?nitrites ?aniline
?toluidine ?nitrobenzene
?benzene
Pulmonary tissue (lungs) agents can be toxic, through other mean than by immediate irritant
action. Fibrotic changes can be caused by free crystalline silica and asbestos. Other dusts can
cause a restrictive disease called pneumoconiosis. Examples include:
?coal dust
?cotton dust
?wood dust
A teratogen (embryo toxic or fetotoxic agent) is an agent which interferes with normal
embryonic development without damage to the mother or lethal effect on the fetus. Effects are
not hereditary. Examples include:
?lead
?dibromo dichloropropane
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A mutagen is a chemical agent which may able to react with nucleophilic structures such as
DNA. Mutations can occur on the gene level (gene mutations) when, for example, one
nucleotide base-pair is change to another. Mutations can also occur on the chromosomal level
(chromosomal mutations) when the number of chromosomal units or their morphological
structure is altered. Examples of mutagens include most radioisotopes, barium permanganate
and methyl isocyanate.
A sensitizer causes a substantial proportion of exposed people to develop an allergic reaction in
normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical. The reaction may be as mild as a rash
(contact dermatitis) or as serious as anaphylactic shock. Examples include:
? epoxides ? nickel compounds
? poison ivy ? chromium compounds
? chlorinated hydrocarbons ? formaldehyde
? amines ? toluene diisocyanate
TARGET ORGAN EFFECTS
The following is a target organ categorization of effects which may occur from exposure to
hazardous chemicals, including examples of signs and symptoms and chemicals which have been
found to cause such effects.
?Hepatotoxins (liver)
Signs and symptoms: jaundice, liver enlargement
Example chemicals: carbon tetrachloride, nitrosamines, chloroform,
toluene, perchloroethylene, cresol, dimethylsulfate
?Nephrotoxins (kidney)
Signs and symptoms: edema, proteinuria
Example chemicals: halogenated hydrocarbons, uranium, chloroform,
mercury, dimethyl sulfate
?Neurotoxins (nervous system)
Signs and symptoms: narcosis, behavioral changes, decreased muscle coordination
Example chemicals: mercury, carbon disulfide, benzene, carbon
tetrachloride, lead, mercury, nitrobenzene
?Hematopoietic (blood) system
Signs and symptoms: cyanosis, loss of consciousness
Example chemicals: carbon monoxide, cyanides, nitrobenzene, aniline,
arsenic, benzene, toluene
?Pulmonary (lung) system
Signs and symptoms: cough, tightness in chest, shortness of breath
Example chemicals: silica asbestos, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, hydrogen
sulfide, chromium, nickel, alcohol
?Reproductive system (mutations and teratogenesis)
Signs and symptoms: birth defects, sterility
Example chemicals: lead, dibromo dichloropropane
?Skin (dermal layer)
Signs and symptoms: defatting of skin, rashes, irritation
Example chemicals: ketones, chlorinated compounds, alcohols, nickel,
phenol, trichloroethylene
90
?Eye or vision
Signs and symptoms: conjunctivitis, corneal damage
Example chemicals: organic solvents, acids, cresol, quinone, hydroquinone,
benzyl chloride, butyl alcohol, bases
91
APPENDIX R
GLOSSARY
ACGIH -- The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists is a voluntary
membership organization of professional industrial hygiene personnel in governmental or
educational institutions. The ACGIH develops and publishes recommended occupational
exposure limits each year called Threshold Limit Values (TLV's) for hundreds of chemicals,
physical agents, and includes Biological Exposure Indices (BEI).
Action Level -- A concentration designated in 29 CFR part 1910 for a specific substance,
calculated as an eight hour time-weighted average, which initiates certain required activities such
as exposure monitoring and medical surveillance.
Acute -- Severe, often dangerous exposure conditions in which relatively rapid changes occur.
Acute Exposure -- An intense exposure over a relatively short period of time.
ANSI -- The American National Standards Institute is a voluntary membership organization (run
with private funding) that develops national consensus standards for a wide variety of devices
and procedures.
Asphyxiant -- A chemical (gas or vapor) that can cause death or unconsciousness by suffocation.
Simple asphyxiants such as nitrogen, either use up or displace oxygen in the air. They become
especially dangerous in confined or enclosed spaces. Chemical asphyxiants, such as carbon
monoxide and hydrogen sulfide, interfere with the body's ability to absorb or transport oxygen to
the tissues.
Autoclave -- A device to expose items to steam at a high pressure in order to decontaminate the
materials or render them sterile.
Biohazard -- Infectious agents that present a risk or potential risk to the health of humans or
other animals, either directly through infection or indirectly through damage to the environment.
Boiling Point -- The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals atmospheric
pressure or at which the liquid changes to a vapor. The boiling point is usually expressed in
degrees Fahrenheit. If a flammable material has a low boiling point, it indicates a special fire
hazard.
"C" or Ceiling -- A description usually seen in connection with a published exposure limit. It
refers to the concentration that should not be exceeded, even for an instant. It may be written as
TLV-C or Threshold Limit Value--Ceiling (See also THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE).
Carcinogen -- A substance that may cause cancer in animals or humans.
C.A.S. Number -- Identifies a particular chemical by the Chemical Abstracts Service, a service
of the American Chemical Society that indexes and compiles abstracts of worldwide chemical
literature called "Chemical Abstracts."
Chemical Hygiene Officer -- An employee who is designated by the employee and who is
qualified by training and experience, to provide technical guidance in the development and
implementation of the provisions of the Chemical Hygiene Plan. This definition is not intended
to place limitations on the position description or job classification that the designated individual
shall hold within the employer's organizational structure.
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Chemical Hygiene Plan -- A written program developed and implemented by the department
which sets forth procedures, equipment, personal protective equipment and work practices that
are capable of protecting students, instructors and other personnel from the health hazards
presented by the hazardous chemicals used in that particular workplace.
Chronic exposure -- A prolonged exposure occurring over a period of days, weeks, or years.
Combustible -- According to the DOT and NFPA, COMBUSTIBLE liquids are those having a
flash point at or above 100癋 (37.8癈), or liquids that will burn. They do not ignite as easily as
flammable liquids. However, combustible liquids can be ignited under certain circumstances,
and must be handled with caution. Substances such as wood, paper, etc., are termed "Ordinary
Combustibles."
Compressed Gas -- A gas or mixture of gases that, in a container, will have an absolute pressure
exceeding 40 psi at 70癋 or 21.1癈. A gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute
pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130癋 or 54.4癈, regardless of the pressure at 70癋. A liquid
having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100癋 or 37.8癈.
Concentration -- The relative amount of a material in combination with another material. For
example, 5 parts (of acetone) per million (parts of air).
Corrosive -- A substance that, according to the DOT, causes visible destruction or permanent
changes in human skin tissue at the site of contact or is highly corrosive to steel.
Cutaneous/Dermal -- Pertaining to or affecting the skin.
Cytotoxin -- A substance toxic to cells in culture, or to cells in an organism.
Decomposition -- The breakdown of a chemical or substance into different parts or simpler
compounds. Decomposition can occur due to heat, chemical reaction, decay, etc.
Designated Area -- An area which may be used for work with "select carcinogens," reproductive
toxins or substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity. This area may be the entire
laboratory or an area under a device such as a laboratory hood.
Dermatitis -- An inflammation of the skin.
Dilution Ventilation -- See GENERAL VENTILATION.
DOT -- The United States Department of Transportation is the Federal agency that regulates the
labeling and transportation of hazardous materials.
Dyspnea -- Shortness of breath, difficult or labored breathing.
EPA -- The Environmental Protection Agency is the governmental agency responsible for
administration of laws to control and/or reduce pollution of air, water, and land systems.
EPA Number -- The number assigned to chemicals regulated by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
Epidemiology -- The study of disease in human populations.
Erythema -- A reddening of the skin.
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Evaporation Rate -- The rate at which a material is converted to vapor (evaporates) at a given
temperature and pressure when compared to the evaporation rate of a given substance. Health
and fire hazard evaluations of materials involve consideration of evaporation rates as one aspect
of the evaluation.
Explosive -- A chemical that causes a sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure, gas, and
heat when subjected to sudden shock, pressure or high temperature.
Flammable Gas -- A gas that, at an ambient temperature and pressure, forms a flammable
mixture with air at a concentration of 13 percent by volume or less; or, a gas that, at an ambient
temperature and pressure forms a range of flammable mixtures with air wider than 12 percent by
volume, regardless of the lower limit.
Flammable Liquid -- According to the DOT and NFPA a flammable liquid is one that has a
flash point below 100癋. (See FLASH POINT).
Flammable Solid -- A solid, other than a blasting agent or explosive, that is liable to cause fire
through friction, absorption of moisture, spontaneous chemical change or retained heat from
manufacturing or processing, or which can be ignited readily and when ignited burns so
vigorously and persistently it creates a serious hazard.
Flash Point -- The lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapor to form an
ignitable mixture and burn when a source of ignition (sparks, open flames, etc. ) is present. Two
tests are used to determine the flash point: open cup and closed cup. The test method is
indicated on the MSDS after the flash point.
Fume -- A solid particle that has condensed from the vapor state.
Gas -- Chemical substances that exist in the gaseous state at room temperature.
General Ventilation -- Also known as general exhaust ventilation, this is a system of ventilation
consisting of either natural or mechanically induced fresh air movements to mix with and dilute
contaminants in the workroom air. This is not the recommended type of ventilation to control
contaminants that are highly toxic, when there may be corrosion problems from the contaminant,
when the worker is close to where the contaminant is being generated, and where fire or
explosion hazards are generated close to sources of ignition (See LOCAL EXHAUST
VENTILATION).
Grams per Kilogram (g/Kg) -- This indicates the dose of a substance given to test animals in
toxicity studies. For example, a dose may be 2 grams (of substance) per kilogram of body weight
(of the experimental animal).
Hazardous Chemicals -- Any chemical for which there is significant evidence, that acute or
chronic health effects may occur in exposed personnel. The term "health hazard" includes
chemicals that are carcinogens, toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers or other agents that can
damage the lungs, skin, eyes or mucous membranes.
Ignitable -- A solid, liquid or compressed gas waste that has a flash point of less than 140癋.
Ignitable material may be regulated by the EPA as a hazardous waste, as well.
Incompatible -- The term applied to two substances to indicate that one material cannot be
mixed with the other without the possibility of a dangerous reaction.
Ingestion -- Taking a substance into the body through the mouth as food, drink, medicine, or
unknowingly as on contaminated hands or cigarettes, etc.
94
Inhalation -- The breathing in of an airborne substance that may be in the form of gas, fumes
mists, vapors, dusts, or aerosols.
Inhibitor -- A substance that is added to another to prevent or slow down an unwanted reaction
or change.
Irritant -- A substance that produces an irritation effect when it contacts skin, eyes, nose, or
respiratory system.
Laboratory -- A facility where relatively small quantities of hazardous materials are used on a
non production basis.
Laboratory Scale -- Work with substances in which the containers used for reactions, transfers,
and other handling of substances are designed to be easily and safely manipulated by one person.
Laboratory-type Hood -- A device constructed and maintained to draw air from the laboratory
and to prevent or minimize the escape of air contaminants into the laboratory.
Laboratory Use of Hazardous Materials -- The handling or use of chemicals in which the
following conditions are met: (1) Chemical manipulations are carried out on a laboratory scale.
(2) Multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used. (3) The procedures involved are not
part of a production process. (4) Protective laboratory practices and equipment are available and
in common use to minimize the potential for personnel exposure to hazardous chemicals.
Laminar Air Flow -- Air flow in which the entire mass of air within a designated space move
with uniform velocity in a single direction along parallel flow lines with a minimum of mixing.
Lethal Concentration50 -- The concentration of an air contaminant (LC50) that will kill 50
percent of the test animals in a group during a single exposure.
Lethal Dose50 -- The dose of a substance or chemical that will (LD50) kill 50 percent of the test
animals in a group within the first 30 days following exposure.
Local Exhaust Ventilation (Also known as exhaust ventilation.) -- A ventilation system that
captures and removes air contaminants at the point they are being produced before they escape
into the workroom air. The system consists of hoods, ductwork, a fan and possibly an air
cleaning device. Advantages of local exhaust ventilation over general ventilation include:
removing the contaminant rather than diluting it; less airflow making it a more economical
system over the long run; and conservation or reclamation of valuable materials. However, the
system must be properly designed with the correctly shaped and placed hoods, correctly sized
fans and correctly connected ductwork.
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) (Also known as Lower Flammable Limit-LFL) -- The lowest
concentration of a substance that will produce a fire or flash when an ignition source (flame,
spark, etc.) is present. It is expressed in percent of vapor or gas in the air by volume. Below the
LEL or LFL, the air/contaminant mixture is theoretically too "lean" to burn (See also UEL).
Melting Point -- The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid. A melting range any be
given for mixtures.
MSHA -- The Mine Safety and Health Administration; a Federal agency that regulates the
mining industry in the safety and health area.
Mutagen -- Anything that can cause a change (or mutation) in the genetic material of a living
cell.
95
Narcosis -- Stupor or unconsciousness caused by exposure to a chemical.
NFPA -- The National Fire Protection Association is a voluntary membership organization
whose aims are to promote and improve fire protection and prevention. NFPA has published 16
volumes of codes known as the National Fire Codes. Within these codes is Standard No. 704,
"Identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials." This is a system that rates the hazard of a
material during a fire. These hazards are divided into health, flammability, and reactivity hazards
and appear in a well-known diamond system using from zero through four to indicate severity of
the hazard. Zero indicates no special hazard and four indicates severe hazard.
NIOSH -- The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is a Federal agency that
among its various responsibilities trains occupational health and safety professionals, conducts
research on health and safety concerns, and tests and certifies respirators for workplace use.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) -- A Federal agency under the
Department of Labor that publishes and enforces safety and health regulations for most
businesses and industries in the United States.
Odor Threshold -- The minimum concentration of a substance at which a majority of test
subjects can detect and identify the substance's characteristic odor.
Oxidation -- The process of combining oxygen with some other substance or a chemical change
in which and atom loses electrons.
Oxidizer -- Is a substance that gives up oxygen easily to stimulate combustion of organic
material.
Oxygen Deficiency -- An atmosphere having less than the normal percentage of oxygen found in
normal air. Normal air contains 21% oxygen at sea level.
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) -- An exposure limit that is published and enforced by
OSHA as a legal standard. PEL may be either a time-weighted-average (TWA) exposure limit (8
hour), a 15-minute short term exposure limit (STEL), or a ceiling (C). The PELs are found in
Tables Z-1, Z-2, or Z-3 of OSHA regulations 1910.1000. (See also TLV).
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) -- Any devices or clothing worn by the worker to protect
against hazards in the environment. Examples are respirators, gloves, and chemical splash
goggles.
Physical Hazard -- A chemical that has scientifically valid evidence proving it to be a
combustible liquid, a compressed gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer,
pyrophoric, unstable (reactive) or water-reactive.
Polymerization -- A chemical reaction in which two or more small molecules combine to form
larger molecules that contain repeating structural units of the original molecules. A hazardous
polymerization is the above reaction with an uncontrolled release of energy.
RAD -- The unit of absorbed dose equal to 100 ergs per gram or 0.01 joules per kilogram of
absorbing material.
Reactivity -- A substance's susceptibility to undergoing a chemical reaction or change that may
result in dangerous side effects, such as explosion, burning, and corrosive or toxic emissions.
The conditions that cause the reaction, such as heat, other chemicals, and dropping, will usually
be specified as "Conditions to Avoid" when a chemical's reactivity is discussed on a MSDS.
96
Reproductive Toxins -- Chemicals which affect the reproductive capabilities including
chromosomal damage (mutations) and effects on fetuses.
Respirator -- A device which is designed to protect the wearer from inhaling harmful
contaminants.
Respiratory Hazard -- A particular concentration of an airborne contaminant that, when it
enters the body by way of the respiratory system or by being breathed into the lungs, results in
some bodily function impairment.
Select carcinogen -- A chemical listed by MIOSHA as a carcinogen, by the National Toxicology
Program (NTP) as "known to be carcinogenic" or by the International Agency for Research on
Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 carcinogen. Also included are chemicals or processes listed in
either Group 2A or 2B by IARC, or under the category "reasonably anticipated to be
carcinogens" by NTP and that cause statistically significant tumor incidence in experimental
animals in accordance with any of the following criteria:
?1. After inhalation exposure of 6-7 hours per day, 5 days per week, for a significant
portion of a lifetime to dosages of less than 10 mg/m3
?2. After repeated skin application of less than 300 mg/kg of body weight per week
?3. After oral dosages of less than 50 mg/kg of body weight per day
Sensitizer -- A substance that may cause no reaction in a person during initial exposures, but
afterwards, further exposures will cause an allergic response to the substance.
Short Term Exposure Limit -- Represented as STEL or TLV-STEL, this is the maximum
concentration to which workers can be exposed for a short period of time (15 minutes) for only
four times throughout the day with at least one hour between exposures. Also, the daily TLV-
TWA must not be exceeded.
"Skin" -- This designation sometimes appears alongside a TLV or PEL. It refers to the
possibility of absorption of the particular chemical through the skin and eyes. Thus, protection
of large surface areas of skin should be considered to prevent skin absorption so that the TLV is
not invalidated.
Systemic -- Spread throughout the body; affecting many or all body systems or organs; not
localized in one spot or area.
Teratogen -- An agent or substance that may cause physical defects in the developing embryo or
fetus when a pregnant female is exposed to that substance.
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) -- Airborne concentrations of substances devised by the ACGIH
that represents conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be exposed for a
conventional 8-hour workday and a 40-hourworkweek, without adverse effect. TLV's are
advisory exposure guidelines, not legal standards, that are based on evidence from industrial
experience, animal studies, or human studies when they exist. There are three different types of
TLV's: Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA), Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) and
Ceiling (TLV-C). (See also PEL).
Time Weighted Average (TWA) -- The average time, over a given work period (e.g. 8-hour
workday) of a person's exposure to a chemical or an agent. The average is determined by
sampling for the contaminant throughout the time period. Represented as TLV-TWA.
Toxicity -- The potential of a substance to exert a harmful effect on humans or animals and a
description of the effect and the conditions or concentration under which the effect takes place.
97
Trade Name -- The commercial name or trademark by which a chemical is known. One
chemical may have a variety of trade names depending on the manufacturers or distributors
involved.
Unstable (Reactive) -- A chemical that, in its pure state or as commercially produced, will react
vigorously in some hazardous way under shock conditions (i.e., dropping), certain temperatures,
or pressures.
Upper Explosive Limit -- Also known as Upper Flammable Limit, is the highest concentration
(expressed in percent of vapor or gas in the air by volume) of a substance that will burn or
explode when an ignition source is present. Theoretically, above this limit the mixture is said to
be too "rich" to support combustion. The difference between the LEL and the UEL constitutes
the flammable range or explosive range of a substance. That is, if the LEL is 1ppm and the UEL
is 5ppm, then the explosive range of the chemical is 1ppm to 5ppm. (See also LEL).
Vapor -- The gaseous state of substances which are normally in the liquid or solid state (at
normal room temperature and pressure). Vapors evaporate into the air from liquids such as
solvents. Solvents with low boiling points will evaporate.
Vapor Pressure -- The pressure that a solid or liquid exerts when it is in equilibrium with its
vapor at a given temperature.
Water-reactive -- A chemical that reacts with water to release a gas that is either flammable or
presents a health hazard.
98
Appendix S
MIOSHA Hazardous Work in Laboratories Standard
Department of Public Health
Occupational Health Standards Commission
Hazardous Work in Laboratories
Filed with the Secretary of State on JANUARY 9, 1992(as amended July 28, 2003)
These rules take effect 7 days after filing with the Secretary of State
(By authority conferred on the director of the department of consumer and industry services by sections 14 and 24 of
1974 PA 154 and Executive Reorganization Orders Nos. 1996-1 and 1996-2, MCL 408.1014, 408.1024, 330.3101, and
445.2001)
R 325.70101 Scope; effective date of subrule (2)
Rule 1. (1) These rules set forth the requirements for laboratory use of hazardous chemicals. Subjects to
which these rules apply include all of the following:
(a) Exposure limits.
(b) Exposure monitoring.
(c) Written chemical hygiene plan.
(d) Employee information and training.
(e) Medical surveillance.
(f) Hazard identification.
(g) Use of respiratory protection.
(h) Recordkeeping.
(2) These rules, where they apply as specified in R 325.70102, supersede all Michigan occupational
safety and health act (MIOSHA) occupational health standards that govern the use of specific chemical
substances,except as provided in R 325.70104, R 325.70105, and R 325.70108. Also, where they apply,
these rules supersede the requirements of the occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) hazard
communication standard, being 29 C.F.R. ?910.1200, which is incorporated by section 14a of 1974 PA 154,
MCL 408.1014a. This subrule takes effect when an employer has developed and implemented a written
chemical hygiene plan as prescribed by R 325.70106.
(3) All occupational health standards that do not deal with a specific chemical substance apply to
laboratory operations as do any occupational safety standards administered by the Michigan department of
consumer and industry services. Such non-chemical substance standards that apply to laboratory operations
include all of the following rules:
(a) Occupational noise exposure, Part 380., R 325.60101 et seq.
(b) Ionizing radiation, Part 381., O.H. 2410 et seq.
(c) Nonionizing radiation, Part 382., R 325.60701 et seq.
(d) Ventilation control, Part 520., O.H. 3101 et seq.
(e) Permit-required confined spaces, Part 490., R 325.63001 et seq.
(f) Respiratory protection, Part 451., R 325.60051 et seq.
(g) Illumination, Part 478., R 325.47801 et seq.
(h) Sanitation, Part 474., O.H. 4201 et seq.
(i) Medical services and first aid, Part 472., R 325.47201 et seq.
(j) Employee medical records and trade secrets, Part 470., R 325.3451 et seq.
R 325.70102 Application
Rule 2. (1) These rules apply to all employers who have an employee or employees involved in the
laboratory use of hazardous chemicals as defined in R 325.70103.
(2) These rules do not apply to either of the following
(a) Work involving chemicals that do not meet the conditions of the definition of laboratory use of
hazardous chemicals. In such cases, the employer shall comply with all relevant specific
substance standards even if such use occurs in a laboratory type setting.
(b) Work involving the laboratory use of hazardous chemicals that does not have the potential for
employee exposure.
R 325.70103 Definitions
325.70103 Definitions
Rule 3. As used in these rules:
(a) "Action level" means a concentration which is designated in established MIOSHA health
standards for a specific substance, calculated as an 8-hour, time-weighted average, and which initiates certain
required activities, such as exposure monitoring and medical surveillance.
(b) "Chemical hygiene officer" means an employee who is designated by the employer, and who is
qualified by training or experience, to provide technical guidance in the development and implementation of
the provisions of the chemical hygiene plan. This definition is not intended to place limitations on the
position description or job classification that the designated individual shall hold within the employer's
organizational structure.
(c) "Chemical hygiene plan" means a written program which is developed and implemented by
the employer, which sets forth procedures, equipment, personal protective equipment, and work practices that
are capable of protecting employees from the health hazards presented by the hazardous chemicals used in a
particular workplace, and which is in compliance with the requirements of R 325.70106.
(d) "Director" means the director of the Michigan department of consumer and industry services or
his or her designee.
(e) "Emergency" means any occurrence, such as equipment failure, the rupture of containers, or the
failure of control equipment, that results in an uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical into the
workplace.
(f) "Employee" means a person who is assigned to work in a laboratory workplace and who may be
exposed to hazardous chemicals in the course of his or her assignments.
(g) "Hazardous chemical" means a chemical for which there is statistically significant evidence,
based on at least 1 study that is conducted in accordance with established scientific principles, that acute or
chronic health effects may occur in employees who are exposed to the chemical. These health effects include
those that result from exposure to chemicals which are any of the following:
(i) Carcinogens
(ii) Toxic or highly toxic agents.
(iii) Reproductive toxins.
(iv) Irritants.
(v) Corrosives.
(vi) Sensitizers.
(vii) Hepatotoxins.
(viii) Nephrotoxins.
(ix) Neurotoxins.
(x) Agents that act on the hematopoietic systems.
(xi) Agents that damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes.
Appendices A and B of the OSHA hazard communications standard, being 29 C.F.R. ?910.1200 and
referenced in R 325.70101(2), provide further guidance in defining the scope of health hazards and
determining whether or not a chemical is to be considered hazardous for purposes of these rules.
(h) "Laboratory" means a facility where the laboratory use of hazardous chemicals occurs. It is a
workplace where relatively small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a nonproduction basis.
(i) "Laboratory-type hood" means a work chamber which is used in a laboratory, which is
enclosed on 5 sides and has a moveable sash or fixed partial closure on the remaining side, which is
constructed and maintained to draw air from the laboratory and prevent or minimize the escape of air
contaminants into the laboratory, and which allows chemical manipulations to be conducted in the enclosure
without inserting any portion of the employee's body other than hands and arms. The term includes walk-in
hoods with adjustable sashes if the sashes are adjusted during use so that the airflow and the exhaust of air
contaminants are not compromised and so that employees do not work inside the enclosure during the release
of airborne hazardous chemicals.
(j) "Laboratory use of hazardous chemicals" means the handling or use of such chemicals in
which all of the following conditions are met:
(i) Chemical manipulations are carried out on a laboratory scale.
(ii) Multiple chemical procedures or chemicals are used.
(iii) The procedures that are involved are not part of production process, nor in any way simulate a
production process.
(iv) Protective laboratory practices and equipment are available and in common use to minimize the
potential for employee exposure to hazardous chemicals.
(k) "Medical consultation" means a consultation that takes place between an employee and a
licensed physician to determine what medical examinations or procedures, if any, are appropriate.
(l) "Physical hazard" means a chemical for which there is scientifically valid evidence that it is any
of the following:
(i) A combustible liquid.
(ii) A compressed gas.
(iii) Explosive.
(iv) Flammable.
(v) An organic peroxide.
(vi) An oxidizer.
(vii) Pyrophoric.
(viii)Unstable (reactive).
(ix) Water-reactive.
These terms are defined in appendix B of these rules.
(m) "Production" means the manufacturing processes that use hazardous chemicals and result in a
product.
(n) "Protective laboratory practices and equipment" means those laboratory procedures,
practices, and equipment that are accepted by laboratory health and safety experts as effective, or that the
employer can show to be effective, in minimizing the potential for employee exposure to hazardous
chemicals.
(o) "Reproductive toxins" means chemicals that affect the reproductive capabilities, including
chromosomal damage (mutations) and effects on fetuses (teratogenesis).
(p) "Select carcinogen" means any substance that meets 1 or more of the criteria set forth in the
definition of select carcinogen in paragraph (b) of OSHA standard 29 C.F.R. ?910.1450, which is adopted
herein by reference. The cited provision of 29 C.F.R. ?910.1450 is available from the Michigan Department
of Consumer and Industry Services, Standards Division, P.O. Box 30643, Lansing, Michigan 48909, at no
cost, or from the U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, 801 S. Waverly, Suite 306, Lansing, Michigan 48917, at
no cost. The cited definition is printed as appendix C to these rules.
R 325.70104 Permissible exposure limits
Rule 4. For laboratory uses of MIOSHA-regulated substances, an employer shall assure that laboratory
employees' exposures to such substances do not exceed the permissible exposure limits specified in
MIOSHA occupational health standards.
R 325.70105 Exposure monitoring
Rule 5. (1) An employer shall measure an employee's exposure to any substance that is regulated by a
standard that requires monitoring if there is reason to believe that exposure levels for that substance routinely
exceed the action level or, in the absence of an action level, the permissible exposure limits (PEL).
(2) If the initial monitoring prescribed by subrule (1) of this rule discloses employee exposure over the
action level or, in the absence of an action level, the PEL, an employer shall comply with the exposure
monitoring provisions of the relevant standard.
(3) Monitoring may be terminated in accordance with the relevant standard.
(4) An employer shall, within 15 working days after the receipt of any monitoring results, notify an
employee of these results, in writing, either individually or by posting the results in an appropriate location
that is accessible to employees.
R 325.70106 Chemical hygiene plan
Rule 6. (1) Where hazardous chemicals as defined by these rules are used in the workplace, an employer
shall develop and carry out the provisions of a written chemical hygiene plan that provides for both of the
following:
(a) Protecting employees from health hazards that are associated with hazardous chemicals in that
laboratory.
(b) Keeping exposures below the limits specified in R 325.70104.
(2) The chemical hygiene plan shall be readily available to employees, employee representatives, and,
upon request, to the director.
(3) The chemical hygiene plan shall include each of the following elements and shall indicate specific
measures that the employer will take to ensure laboratory employee protection:
(a) Standard operating procedures relevant to safety and health considerations to be followed when
laboratory work involves the use of hazardous chemicals.
(b) Criteria that the employer will use to determine and implement control measures to reduce employee
exposure to hazardous chemicals, including engineering controls, the use of personal protective equipment,
and hygiene practices. Particular attention shall be given to the selection of control measures for chemicals
that are known to be particularly hazardous.
(c) A requirement that laboratory-type hoods and other protective equipment are functioning properly and
the specific measures that shall be taken to ensure the proper and adequate performance of such
equipment.
(d) Provisions for employee information and training as prescribed in R 325.70107.
(e) The circumstances under which a particular laboratory operation, procedure, or activity shall require
prior approval from the employer or the employer's designee before implementation.
(f) Provisions for medical consultation and medical examinations in accordance with R 325.70108.
(g) Designation of personnel who are responsible for implementing the chemical hygiene plan, including
the assignment of a chemical hygiene officer and, if appropriate, establishment of a chemical hygiene
committee.
(h) Provisions for additional employee protection for work with particularly hazardous substances, such
as select carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and substances that have a high degree of acute or chronic
toxicity. Specific consideration shall be given to the following provisions, which shall be included where
appropriate:
(i) The establishment of a designated area or areas that indicate the physical limits of exposure to
particularly hazardous substances.
(ii) The use of containment devices, such as laboratory-type hoods or glove boxes.
(iii) Procedures for the safe removal of contaminated waste.
(iv) Decontamination procedures.
(4) An employer shall review and evaluate the effectiveness of the chemical hygiene plan at least
annually and update it as necessary.
R 325.70107 Employee information and training
Rule 7. (1) An employer shall provide employees with information and training to ensure that they are
apprised of and understand the hazards of chemicals present in their work areas.
(2) Such information shall be provided at the time of an employee's initial assignment to a work area
where hazardous chemicals are present and before assignments that involve new exposure situations.
Refresher information and training shall be provided by the employer to ensure that an employee is aware of
the risks of exposure to hazardous chemicals.
(3) Employees shall be informed of all of the following:
(a) The contents of these rules and appendices, which shall be made available to employees.
(b) The location and availability of the employer's chemical hygiene plan.
(c) The permissible exposure limits for MIOSHA-regulated substances or the recommended exposure
limits for other hazardous chemicals if there are no applicable MIOSHA rules.
(d) Signs and symptoms associated with exposures to hazardous chemicals that are used in the laboratory.
(e) The location and availability of known reference material on the hazards, safe handling, storage, and
disposal of hazardous chemicals found in the laboratory, including material safety data sheets (MSDS)
received from a chemical supplier.
(4) Employee training shall include all of the following:
(a) Methods and observations that may be used to detect the presence or release of a hazardous chemical,
such as monitoring conducted by the employer, continuous monitoring devices, and the visual appearance or
odor of hazardous chemicals when being released.
(b) The physical and health hazards of chemicals in the work environment.
(c) The measures employees can take to protect themselves from health hazards, including specific
procedures that the employer has implemented to protect employees from exposure to hazardous chemicals,
such as appropriate work practices, emergency procedures, and personal protective equipment to be used.
(5) The employee shall be trained about the applicable details of the employer's written chemical hygiene
plan.
R 325.70108 Medical surveillance
Rule 8. (1) An employer shall provide all employees who work with hazardous chemicals an opportunity to
receive the following medical attention, including any follow-up examinations which the examining
physician determines to be necessary:
(a) When an employee develops signs or symptoms that are associated with a hazardous chemical to
which the employee may have been exposed in the laboratory, the employee shall be provided an opportunity
to receive an appropriate medical examination.
(b) If exposure monitoring reveals an exposure level that is routinely above the action level or, in
the absence of an action level, the PEL for a MIOSHA-regulated substance for which there are exposure
monitoring and medical surveillance requirements, medical surveillance shall be established for the affected
employee as prescribed by the particular standard.
(c) When an event takes place in the work areas, such as a spill, leak, explosion, or other occurrence that
results in the likelihood of a hazardous exposure, the affected employee shall be provided an opportunity for
a medical consultation. Such consultation shall be for the purpose of determining the need for a medical
examination.
(2) All medical examinations and consultations shall be performed by or under the direct supervision of a
licensed physician who is familiar with the general health effects of hazardous chemicals and sources of
specific information on such effects and shall be provided without cost to the employee, without loss of pay,
and at a reasonable time and place.
(3) An employer shall provide all of the following information to the physician:
(a) The identity of the hazardous chemical or chemicals to which the employee may have been exposed.
(b) A description of the conditions under which the exposure occurred, including quantitative exposure
data, if available.
(c) A description of the signs and symptoms of exposure that the employee is experiencing, if any.
(4) For examination or consultation that is required under this rule, an employer shall obtain a written
opinion from the examining physician. The opinion shall include all of the following:
(a) Any recommendation for further medical follow-up.
(b) The results of the medical examination and any associated tests.
(c) Any medical condition revealed in the course of the examination which may place the employee at
increased risk as a result of exposure to a hazardous chemical that is found in the workplace.
(d) A statement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the results of the consultation or
medical examination and any medical condition that may require further examination or treatment.
(5) The written opinion shall not reveal specific findings of diagnoses unrelated to occupational exposure.
R 325.70109 Hazard identification
Rule 9. (1) With respect to labels and material safety data sheets (MSDS) for hazardous chemicals, both of
the following provisions apply:
(a) Employers shall ensure that labels on incoming containers of hazardous chemicals are not
removed or defaced.
(b) Employers shall maintain any MSDS that are received with incoming shipments of hazardous
chemicals and ensure that MSDS are readily accessible to laboratory employees.
(2) All of the following provisions shall apply to chemical substances that are developed in the laboratory:
(a) If the composition of the chemical substance that is produced exclusively for the laboratory's use
is known, an employer shall determine if it is a hazardous chemical. If the chemical is determined to be
hazardous, the employer shall provide appropriate training as required by R 325.70107.
(b) If the chemical produced is a by-product of unknown composition, an employer shall assume
that the substance is hazardous and shall implement the provisions of R 325.70106.
(c) If the chemical substance is produced for another user outside of a laboratory, an employer shall
comply with the OSHA hazard communication standard, being 29 C.F.R. ?910.1200, which is referenced in
R 325.70101.
R 325.70110 Use of respiratory protection
Rule 10. If, after appropriate application of feasible engineering and work practice controls, the use of
respirators is necessary to maintain exposure below permissible exposure limits, the employer shall provide,
at no cost to the employee, the proper respiratory protection equipment.
Respirators shall be selected and used in accordance with the requirements of respiratory protection, Part
451., R 325.60051 et seq.
R 325.70111 Recordkeeping
Rule 11. (1) An employer shall establish and maintain, for each employee, an accurate record of any
measurements taken to monitor employee exposures and any medical consultation and examinations,
including tests or written opinions required by these rules.
(2) An employer shall assure that such records are kept, transferred, and made available in
accordance with the provisions of employee medical records and trade secrets, Part 470., R 325.3451 et seq.,
and are protected from unauthorized disclosure.
R 325.70112 Rescinded
R 325.70113 Appendices
Rule 13. Appendices A, B, C, and D to these rules are informational only and are not intended to create any
additional obligations or requirements not otherwise imposed by these rules or to detract from any
established obligations or requirements.
R 325.70114 Availability of rules and appendices; permission to copy
Rule 14. (1) A copy of these rules and appendices are available at no cost from the Michigan Department of
Consumer and Industry Services, Standards Division, P.O. Box 30643, Lansing, Michigan 48909.
(2) Permission to copy any of these documents in full is granted by the director.
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